Subclover (Trifolium subterraneum)

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Common names

Subclover, sub clover, subterranean clover, subterraneum trefoil [English]; trèfle souterrain, trèfle enterreur [French]; Erdklee [German]; trifoglio sotteraneo [Italian]; trebol subterraneo [Spanish]; trevo subterraneo [Portuguese]

Species

Trifolium subterraneum L. [Fabaceae]

Synonyms

Trifolium brachycalycinum (Katzn. & Morley) Katzn., Trifolium subterraneum subsp. yanninicum Katzn. & Morley

Taxonomic information

Subterranean clover is divided in three subspecies, namely subterraneum (the most frequent, well adapted to acid and neutral soils), brachycalicinum (better adapted to cracking neutral-alkaline soils), and yanninicum (better adapted to water-soaked acid soils) (Nichols, 2007; Jaritz, 1982). Available cultivars are mainly from subterraneum and brachycalicinum subspecies.

Related feed(s)

Description

Subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is a much valued annual legume forage used in ruminant production systems, particularly in drylands. It is particularly suited to grazing and can be cut for silage and hay.

Morphological description

Subclover is a prostrate annual clover reaching a height of 10-15 cm. It is taprooted with many lateral secondary roots. The stems are hairy, about 1-2 m long, trailing, but not rooting. The leaves are alternate, trifoliolate, cordate, borne on petioles. The flowers are whitish in colour, and are clustered in small seed-heads of 6-8 flowers. After self-fertilization, the fruit peduncle bends down and the developing seeds are buried until they germinate in autumn (FAO, 2017). The seeds are characterized by a high level of hardseededness (40 to 70% of hard seeds), a trait that depend on cultivar, on flowering conditions and grazing management (see Forage management below) (Quinlivan et al., 1971; Steiner et al., 1986; Stockdale, 2005).

Uses

Subclover is an important pasture crop in some countries including Australia. It provides high quality forage to livestock. It is suited to grazing in pure stands or in mixtures with warm-season companion grasses such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), coloured Guinea grass (Panicum coloratum), Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) and dallis grass (Paspalum dilatatum), or with other legumes (Ocumpaugh, 1990; Duke, 1981). Subclover can also be cut for hay and silage (Duke, 1981). It was referred to as the most productive legume for vineyards and orchards where its mat of creeping stems provides good cover against soil erosion during winter (Molle et al., 2008; Miller et al., 1989; Masson, 1997). Thanks to its profuse self-regeneration, subclover can be used for land revegetation and as a green manure (Gladstones et al., 1983). It is useful for fire control (Molle et al., 2008; Masson, 1997).

Distribution

Subclover originated from the Mediterranean basin and from the Middle-East. It is best suited to regions with wet and mild winters, and warm and dry summers. Subclover is particularly suited to semi-arid regions thanks to its short winter-growing habit. Trifolium subterraneum was introduced into Australia in the 19th century for ruminant production systems. It is now the most widespread legume in southern Australian pastures (Li et al., 1992; Stockdale, 1992b). Subclover is sown over 8 million hectares (ha) in Western Australia (WA) and 29 million ha across Southern Australia (Nichols, 2017). It was later introduced into the USA (Duke, 1981). In drylands of New Zealand, in the USA and in Australia, it is used in mixed stands of legume and grasses (Moot, 2012; Maxwell et al., 2016; Steiner et al., 1986; Curll et al., 1983). Subclover has also been selected and cultivated in Northern Mediterranean countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy and France (Masson, 1997; Molle et al., 2008).

In Northern Africa and Western Asia, Trifolium subterraneum grows naturally on humid soils of open plains and in mountains, from sea level up to an altitude of 1800 m (Ecocrop, 2017). Subclover can grow in places where annual rainfall is above 400 mm. It is adapted to neutral and acidic soils. It does better on light, well-drained soils (Duke, 1981). Subclover can be cultivated in rainfed and irrigated orchards (Peaceful Valley, 1988 cited by UC SAREP, 2006).

Forage management

Yield

Yields of Trifolium subterraneum green forage are about 35-40 t/ha (Ecocrop, 2017).

Management

Subclover is suited to permanent and semi-permanent pastures and to crop rotations, with at least 2 years between each crop (Nichols, 2007). It should be sown on a well-prepared seedbed. Establishment is slow in autumn, but growth period starts early in late winter and is particularly high in spring. Depending on ecotype or cultivar, flowering starts in March-April and ends in May-June in the Northern Hemisphere, and starts in September-October and ends in November-December in the Southern Hemisphere. The grazing period corresponds to spring and summer. Subclover withstands heavy grazing as its seeds are buried below ground and allow further self regeneration of the stand. Grazing during early flowering period promotes flower and seed production (Delagarde et al., 1993; Steiner et al., 1986; Rossiter, 1961). Heavy grazing prevents subclover from being shaded out by more erect plants (Nichols, 2007).

Subclover can be sown in mixtures with temperate or tropical grasses (Maxwell et al., 2016; Moot, 2012; Thompson et al., 2010; Waller et al., 2001a; Waller et al., 2001b; Steiner et al., 1986; Curll et al., 1983), and with legumes such as alfalfa, yellow and French serradella, biserrula, rose clover, arrowleaf clover, purple clover and burr medics. In stands prone to waterlogging, it is best mixed with balansa clover, gland clover, Persian clover or the subspecies yanninicum (Nichols, 2007).

The regeneration of subclover stands depends on seed production, weight of seeds, and hardseededness, the first two factors being controlled through adequate grazing management (see above). Hardseededness, which prevents early germination in summer, is partially removed by high summer temperatures leading to mechanical breaking of the seed tegument (Stockdale, 2005; Steiner et al., 1986).

Environmental impact

Cover crop and fire control

Subclover is used for controlling fires in Mediterranean forests (strips to be grazed between forests) or as green winter culture in viticulture or arboriculture to avoid erosion (Masson, 1997; Molle et al., 2008). It can help to reduce soil erosion when combined to vegetable crops (Stirzaker et al., 1993).

Soil improver

Subclover is an N-fixing legume that has been shown to benefit to neighbouring grasses or subsequent cereals (Glatzle, 1989 cited by UC SAREP, 2006). Assessed as living mulch for tomato and lettuce production, subclover resulted in greater bulk density, greater water content and lower air porosity of the soil. Tomato yields were significantly greater with subclover (Stirzaker et al., 1993).

Nutritional aspects

Nutritional attributes

Subclover is a very good quality forage, of similar nutritional quality to berseem clover, red clover and white clover, during all the growing phases (Brink et al., 1994), or to burr medic and sulla (Sölter et al., 2007). As other typical grassland clovers, leafy, immature, vegetative subclover is characterized by a high protein concentration (16-30% DM), low fibre concentrations (NDF 25-35% DM, ADF 15-25% DM and lignin 2-4% DM) (Stockdale, 1992a; Stockdale, 1992b). Proportion of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin in cell wall is typical of that of other clover species (Brink et al., 1994; Li et al., 1992). At vegetative stage, when grazed every 2 weeks, subclover leaflets have a very high protein concentration: 25 to 35% DM, whereas petioles and stem have a lower and quite similar protein concentration (13-22% DM) (Mulholland et al., 1996). After the flowering period, subclover protein concentration is lower, but still very high in leaflets (25%, 11%, 18% DM in leaflets, petioles or stem, and burrs, respectively). Vegetative leaflets have very low ADF and ADL concentrations (10-15% and 20-40% DM, respectively), while petioles and stem have an ADF content of approximately 16-20% DM during vegetative stage, and 22-26% DM at more mature stage (Mulholland et al., 1996). As subclover is an annual species, its nutritive value rapidly decreases at late maturity (mid or end of spring) when the proportion of pods increases, and before death (Mulholland et al., 1996). Dry mature residues of subclover during summer contain 12 to 21% protein, 50-60% NDF, 30-40% ADF and 8-12% lignin (DM), respectively, with an in vitro DMD ranging from 40 to 55% (Li et al., 1992; Ru et al., 2001).

Water soluble carbohydrates concentration is low (7-12% DM) (Nandra et al., 1998; Bolland et al., 2001). Subclover contains 7-20 g/kg Ca, 3-10 g/kg Na, 2-3 g/kg P, 15-25 g/kg K, 2-3 g/kg S, 25-30 mg/kg B, 35-250 mg/kg Mn and 25-160 mg/kg Zn, depending on soil type and lime application rate (Bolland et al., 2001; Stockdale, 1992a).

Potential constraints

Oestrogens

Some subclover varieties contain oestrogens. Particularly, early subclover cultivars contained formononetin, a deleterious phyto-oestrogenic isoflavone that has short to long-term negative effects on reproduction in sheep (Nichols, 2017; Reed, 2016; Pace et al., 2011). Newer cultivars selected to have low formononetin concentration (< 0.2% DM) have no detrimental effect on sheep reproductive performance (Nichols, 2017; Reed, 2016; Pace et al., 2011). When subclover constitutes a high proportion of ewe diets, breeding troubles may occur if subclover is grazed during its early stages of growth, since the formononetin oestrogen is likely to be present only at this stage (Nichols, 2017; Nichols, 2007). Subclover also contains the oestrogenic compounds genistein and biochanin A, but these compounds are of less concern (Nichols, 2017).

Ruminants

Nutritive value

DM digestibility of vegetative subclover is as high as that of white clover (> 80%) (Bolland et al., 2001). In vitro digestibility of OM in DM has also been found equal to that of burr medic or sulla during several periods of the year (Sölter et al., 2007). In vitro DMD of all plant parts is high at vegetative stage (70-80%). After cessation of flowering, DMD of leaflets, petioles, stem and burrs average 70%, 65%, 60% and 45%, respectively (Mulholland et al., 1996; Ru et al., 1999; Ru et al., 2000). Dry mature residues of subclover during summer had an in vitro DMD ranging from 40 to 55% (Li et al., 1992; Ru et al., 2001). Dry herbage feeding value over summer was reported to be less than maintenance value, often < 50% in vitro digestibility (Nichols, 2007). However, animals may be able to obtain sufficient energy and protein by digging up seed burrs that are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, but poor in calcium and manganese (Ru et al., 2001).

Dairy cows

Vegetative fresh subclover can be an excellent feed for lactating dairy cows (Stockdale, 1992b; Wales et al., 2003). When fed alone, the intake level can reach 18.5 kg DM/d indoors and 21 kg DM/d at grazing for cows weighing 450 kg, which is a high intake level of 4 to 5% of BW (Stockdale, 1992b), leading to a production of 28 kg of milk/d in early lactation, with no concentrate supplementation. Extra milk produced per each additional kg DM eaten is 1.4 kg and 1.0 kg in early and late lactation, respectively, both indoors and at grazing, which clearly indicates high energy and protein values (Stockdale, 1992b). When pure subclover is grazed at low pasture allowance, milk production response to 5 kg of grain supplement is high (1.0 kg of milk per kg DM of concentrate), while providing an additional 1.7 kg of straw had no effect on milk production, milk fat concentration, and ruminal fermentations, although rumination time increased (Wales et al., 2003).

Subclover may be fed to dairy cows as silage when mixed with grasses. Cows of 550 kg BW, producing 25 kg of milk and offered 8.5 kg of a protein-rich concentrate, ate around 8 to 9 kg DM/d subclover-ryegrass silage (Valentine et al., 1995).

In vivo DMD of subclover fed alone to dairy cows indoors ranged from 0.77 to 0.84, which was greater than in vivo DMD measured simultaneously on sheep (0.75 to 0.79) (Stockdale, 1992a). Vegetative subclover is highly ruminally degradable, with a very rapidly degradable fraction of 35-45%, and a potentially degradable fraction of 47-55% for DM. The corresponding figure for nitrogen is 20-50% and 45-75% for rapidly and potentially degradable fractions, respectively. Nitrogen seems at least as degradable in stem as in leaves (Stockdale, 1992a).

Beef cows

No information found (as of 2017).

Sheep

Nutritive value of subclover and animal response has been widely studied in sheep, in terms of ruminal digestion and degradability, but also intake, weight gain and wool growth. Sheep show quite similar preference for subclover than for other annual or perennial clovers, and subclover is always well accepted and selected at grazing (Maxwell et al., 2016).

Merino wethers weighing 45 kg can eat 1080 g DM/d dried subclover (2.4% of BW), with an in vivo OMD of 78% (Hogan, 1973). Voluntary intake of dry subclover by sheep decreased on average from 1050 g DM/d to 900 g DM/d (i.e. -15%) between the 50%-flowering stage and a later harvest 30 days after (Nandra et al., 1998; Li et al., 1992).

Lambs grazing vegetative subclover swards achieved 230 g of daily weight gain, and 10-12 g/d of clean wool growth (Mulholland et al., 1996; Nandra et al., 1998). When subclover was harvested at 50% flowering or at late harvest and fed to lambs, daily weight gain decreased until 150 g/d and then 100 g/d (Nandra et al., 1998), but could be as low as 0 g/d for very mature stage at grazing (Mulholland et al., 1996).

Lamb productivity and meat quality were similar when grazing either bladder clover swards (Trifolium spumosum) or subterranean clover swards (Norman et al., 2013).

Protein ruminal degradability measured in sheep from the nylon bag technique was found to vary from 51% to 64% (Stockdale, 1992a). Rapidly degradable fraction varied from 23 to 31% and potentially degradable fraction ranged from 49 to 64% for DM, according to cultivar and harvest date (Nandra et al., 1998). Nitrogen appeared less rapidly degradable than DM (16-20%), while potentially degradable nitrogen fraction is high (60-72%). When mature, both DM and nitrogen ruminal degradabilities are lower (Li et al., 1992).

Goats

No information found (as of 2017).

Poultry

Subclover is not used as an ingredient in poultry feed formulation, but it can be used by free-range poultry on pure or mixed pastures. In Brazil, subclover improved growth and feed conversion in free-range broilers by stimulating the intake of basal diet, even though the intake of subclover remained low (Ponte et al., 2008b). When basal diet was restricted, consumption of subterranean clover pasture significantly increased weight gain (Ponte et al., 2008a). The consumption of fresh subclover forage can be associated with positive sensory attributes (Ponte et al., 2008b).

Rabbits

Fresh subclover is particularly palatable for rabbits. For example, it is selectively grazed by wild rabbits in Australian pastures improved with a mixture of graminaceous and legumes forages (Croft et al., 2002). In agreement with this observation, in a study conducted to feed white-tailed deer in Louisiana (USA) with various forage plants including subclover, it was necessary to protect the experimental plots from wild rabbits with a special wiremesh (Johnson et al., 1993). Fresh subclover at pre-flowering stage was recommended as a standard forage for Angora rabbits production in Germany. The voluntary green feed intake of Angora rabbits was the greatest with subclover, compared to other forages such as meadow grass, rape or red clover (Schlolaut, 1987). In a Tunisian study of reproduction of rabbit does managed in groups with possibility of grazing, the results obtained with subclover were similar to those obtained with the traditional oat-vetch mixture (Kennou et al., 1990).

Subclover forage may therefore be considered as suitable for rabbit feeding, and can be used mainly as a source of protein. However, it should be noted that its protein is deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids (only 40-45% of requirements) and that is has a low phosphorus content (Lebas, 2013).

Horses and donkeys

When comparing the forage acceptability to horses of several grasses and clovers in Southern USA, crimson, berseem and subterranean clover were found to be highly palatable (McCann et al., 1991).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), aerial part, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	15.1	3.8	9.6	20.5	9
Crude protein	% DM	18.1	4	10.6	28.2	26
Crude fibre	% DM	26.9	3.2	19.1	28.7	8	*
Ether extract	% DM	3.3		2.4	4.4	3
Ash	% DM	11.2	0.8	9.8	12.3	9
Insoluble ash	% DM	2.3
Neutral detergent fibre	% DM	39.9	12.6	24.2	64.3	12	*
Acid detergent fibre	% DM	31.3	9.3	21.3	47.5	9
Lignin	% DM	7.2	2.6	4.6	12.6	9	*
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	18.3					*

Fatty acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Myristic acid C14:0	% fatty acids	0		0	0	2
Palmitic acid C16:0	% fatty acids	9.2		8.9	9.4	2
Palmitoleic acid C16:1	% fatty acids	0.08		0.08	0.08	2
Stearic acid C18:0	% fatty acids	2.7		2.1	3.2	2
Oleic acid C18:1	% fatty acids	1.5		1.4	1.6	2
Linoleic acid C18:2	% fatty acids	14.2		14	14.4	2
Linolenic acid C18:3	% fatty acids	72.3		71.4	73.2	2

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	12.7	2	8.2	14.9	9
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	3	0.9	2	4.9	14
Magnesium	g/kg DM	1.7
Potassium	g/kg DM	20	6	16	31.9	6
Sodium	g/kg DM	2.2
Zinc	mg/kg DM	33
Copper	mg/kg DM	5
Iron	mg/kg DM	241

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	12					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	9.5					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	65					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	68					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	77	4	72	84	7
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	58	14	32	74	12	*
a (N)	%	23	5	16	32	12
b (N)	%	57	14	31	73	12
c (N)	h-1	0.095	0.054	0.029	0.188	12
Dry matter degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	60	15	35	77	12	*
a (DM)	%	25	6	17	35	12
b (DM)	%	57	8	46	70	12
c (DM)	h-1	0.092	0.055	0.029	0.188	12

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2017; Alibes et al., 1990; Cabiddu et al., 2005; Cohen et al., 2001; Koukoura et al., 2009; Mulholland et al., 1996; Vargas et al., 1965

Last updated on 19/12/2017 17:53:07

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), hay

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	90.2
Crude protein	% DM	15.1	5.4	8	22.8	6
Crude fibre	% DM	32.5					*
Ether extract	% DM	2.2
Ash	% DM	10.1	2.5	7	13.1	5
Neutral detergent fibre	% DM	49.6		27.1	64	4	*
Acid detergent fibre	% DM	38.4	13	20.8	53	5
Lignin	% DM	9.3	2.6	4.5	9.8	5	*
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	18.3					*

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Lysine	g/16g N	4.4
Threonine	g/16g N	3.5
Methionine	g/16g N	0.6
Cystine	g/16g N	0.09
Isoleucine	g/16g N	4
Valine	g/16g N	5.3
Leucine	g/16g N	5.6
Phenylalanine	g/16g N	3.8
Tyrosine	g/16g N	3
Histidine	g/16g N	2.8
Arginine	g/16g N	5.3
Alanine	g/16g N	4.2
Aspartic acid	g/16g N	13.3
Glutamic acid	g/16g N	9.7
Glycine	g/16g N	4.5
Serine	g/16g N	4.3

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	11.4		7.3	14.1	3
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	2.3		2.2	2.3	3
Magnesium	g/kg DM	2.1		2	2.2	2
Potassium	g/kg DM	23		18.4	27.6	2
Sodium	g/kg DM	1.25		1.1	1.4	2
Manganese	mg/kg DM	87		59	115	2
Zinc	mg/kg DM	85		28	143	2
Copper	mg/kg DM	12		11	12	2
Iron	mg/kg DM	568		461	674	2

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	9.6					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	7.6					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	52					*
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	55					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	60	14	46	80	5
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	49					*
a (N)	%	33
b (N)	%	60
c (N)	h-1	0.022
Dry matter degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	36					*
a (DM)	%	16
b (DM)	%	56
c (DM)	h-1	0.033

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Egan et al., 1975; Li et al., 1994; McLaren et al., 1988; Vargas et al., 1965

Last updated on 08/12/2017 00:22:06

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), silage

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	22.8				1
Crude protein	% DM	18.5				1
Crude fibre	% DM	23.3				1
Ether extract	% DM	8.5				1
Ash	% DM	16.6				1
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	18.3					*

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant	%	72.4					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	68.6					*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	12.6					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	10.0					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Vargas et al., 1965

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:45:09

References

Aldaoud, R.; Guppy, W.; Callinan, L.; Flett, S. F.; Wratten, K. A.; Murray, G. A.; Cook, T.; McAllister, A., 2001. Occurrence of Phytophthora clandestina in Trifolium subterraneum paddocks in Australia. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 41 (2): 187-194
Ali, E.; Sharrow, S. H., 1994. Sheep grazing efficiency and selectivity on Oregon hill pasture. J. Range Manage., 47 (6): 494-497
Bolland, M. D. A.; Rengel, Z.; Paszkudzka-Baizert, L.; Osborne, L. D., 2001. Responses of subterranean clover and Italian ryegrass to application of lime. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 41 (2): 177-185
Brink, G. E.; Fairbrother, T. E., 1994. Cell wall composition of diverse clovers during primary spring growth. Crop Sci., 34 (6): 1666-1671
Cabiddu, A. ; Decandia, M. ; Addis, M. ; Piredda, G. ; Pirisi, A. ; Molle, G., 2005. Managing Mediterranean pastures in order to enhance the level of beneficial fatty acids in sheep milk. Small Rumin. Res., 59 (2-3): 169–180
Cohen, D. C., 2001. Degradability of crude protein from clover herbages used in irrigated dairy production systems in northern Victoria. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 52 (3): 415-425
Cohen, D. C., 2001. Degradability of crude protein from clover herbages used in irrigated dairy production systems in northern Victoria. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 52 (3): 415–425
Croft, J. D.; Fleming, P. J. S.; van de Ven, R., 2002. The impact of rabbits on a grazing system in eastern New South Wales. 1. Ground cover and pastures. Anim. Prod. Sci., 42 (7): 909-916
Curll, M. L.; Davidson, J. L., 1983. Defoliation and productivity of a phalaris-subterranean clover sward, and the influence of grazing experience on sheep intake. Grass Forage Sci., 38 (3): 159-367
Delagarde, R.; Gintzburger, G., 1993. Effets du pâturage ovin sur la production de biomasse et de semences du trèfle souterrain en Crau. Premiers résultats. Fourrages, 135: 327-333
Duke, J. A., 1981. Handbook of legumes of world economic importance. Plenum Press, New York, USA, 345 p.
Ecocrop, 2017. Ecocrop database. FAO, Rome, Italy
FAO, 2017. Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. FAO, Rome, Italy
Gladstones, J. S.; Collins, W. J., 1983. Subterranean clover as a naturalized plant in Australia. J. Aust. Inst. Agric. Sci., 49 (4): 191-202
Hogan, J. P., 1973. Intestinal digestion of subterranean clover by sheep. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 24 (4): 587-598
Jaritz, G., 1982. Amélioration des herbages et cultures fourragères dans le nord-ouest de la Tunisie : étude particulière des prairies de trèfles-graminées avec Trifolium subterraneum. GTZ, 119
Johnson, M. K.; Dancak, K. D., 1993. Effects of food plots on white-tailed deer in Kisatchie National Forest. J. Range Manage., 46 (2): 110-114
Kennou, S.; Lebas, F., 1990. Results for reproductive traits from local breed Tunisian does in group raising on the ground. In : Rouvier, R. (ed.). Races et populations locales méditerranéennes de lapins : gestion génétique et performances zootechniques. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1990. p. 93-96. Options Méditerranéennes, Série Séminaires - N° 8 : 93-96
Lebas, F., 2013. Feeding strategies for small and medium scale rabbit units. 3rd Conf. Asian Rabbit Prod. Association - Bali Indonesia - 27-29 August 2013
Li, X.; Kellaway, R. C.; Ison, R. L.; Annison, G., 1992. Chemical composition and nutritive value of mature annual legumes for sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 37 (3-4): 221-231
Masson, P., 1997. Pastures of very long duration with self-seeding annuals : subterranean clover pastures. Fourrages, 153: 139-146
Maxwell, T. M. R.; Moir, J. L.; Edwards, G. R., 2016. Grazing preference of Merino sheep for naturalized annual clover species relative to commonly sown clover species. Grass Forage Sci., 71 (2): 291-304
McCann, J. S. ; Hoveland, C. S., 1991. Equine grazing preferences among winter annual grasses and clovers adapted to the southeastern United States. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 11 (5): 275-277
Miller, P. R.; Graves, W. L.; Williams, W. A., 1989. Cover crops in California agriculture. Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, USA
Molle, G.; Decandia, M.; Sölter, U.; Greef, J. M.; Rochon, J. J.; Sitzia, M.; Hopkins, A.; Rook, A. J., 2008. The effect of different legume-based swards on intake and performance of grazing ruminants under Mediterranean and cool temperate conditions. Grass Forage Sci., 63 (4): 513–530
Moot, D. J., 2012. An overview of dryland legume research in New Zealand. Crop Pasture Sci., 63 (9): 726-733
Mulholland, J. G.; Nandra, K. S.; Scott, G. B.; Jones, A. W.; Coombes, N. E., 1996. Nutritive value of subterranean clover in a temperate environment. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 36 (7): 803-814
Nandra, K. S.; Mulholland, J. G.; Jones, A. W.; Scott, G. B.; Coombes, N. E., 1998. Lamb production and feed intake in relation to degradability characteristics and metabolisable protein content of dried subterranean clover diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 70 (4): 281-293
Nichols, P., 2007. Subterranean/Sub clover (ssp. subterraneum). Pastures Australia
Nichols, P., 2017. Subterranean clover. Gov. West. Aust., Dep. Prim. Ind. Reg. Dev.
Norman, H. C.; Loi, A.; Wilmot, M. G.; Rintoul, A. J.; Nutt, B. J.; Revell, C. K., 2013. Sheep grazing bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum L.) had similar productivity and meat quality to sheep grazing subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Anim. Prod. Sci., 53 (3): 209-216
Ocumpaugh, W. R., 1990. Coastal Bermuda grass - legume mixtures vs. nitrogen fertilizer for grazing in a semiarid environment. J. Prod. Agric., 3 (3): 371-376
Pace, V.; Contò, G.; Carfi, F.; Chiariotti, A.; Catillo, G., 2011. Short- and long-term effects of low estrogenic subterranean clover on ewe reproductive performance. Small Rumin. Res., 97 (1-3): 94-100
Ponte, P. I. P. ; Rosado, C. M. C. ; Crespo, J. P. ; Crespo, D. G. ; Mourao, J. L. ; Chaveiro-Soares, M. A. ; Bras, J. L. A. ; Mendes, I. ; Gama, L. T. ; Prates, J. A. M. ; Ferreira, L. M. A. ; Fontes, C. M. G. A., 2008. Pasture intake improves the performance and meat sensory attributes of free-range broilers. Poult. Sci., 87 (1): 71-79
Ponte, P. I. P.; Prates, J. A. M.; Crespo, J. P.; Crespo, D. G.; Mourão, J. L.; Alves, S. P.; Bessa, R. J. B.; Chaveiro-Soares, M. A.; Gama, L. T.; Ferreira, L. M. A.; Fontes, C. M. G. A., 2008. Restricting the intake of a cereal-based feed in free-range-pastured poultry: effects on performance and meat quality. Poult. Sci., 87 (10): 2032-2042
Quinlivan, B. J.; Nicol, H. I., 1971. Embryo dormancy in subterranean clover seeds. I. Environmental control. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 22 (4): 599-606
Reed, K. F. M., 2016. Fertility of herbivores consuming phytoestrogen-containing Medicago and Trifolium species. Agriculture, 6: 35
Riet-Correa, F.; Medeiros, R. M. T.; Schild, A. L., 2012. A review of poisonous plants that cause reproductive failure and malformations in the ruminants of Brazil. J. Appl. Toxicol., 32 (4): 245-254
Rossiter, R. C., 1961. The influence of defoliation on the components of seed yield in swards of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean L.). Aust. J. Agric. Res., 12 (5): 821-833
Ru, Y. J.; Fortune, J. A., 1999. Sward characteristics and nutritive value of two cultivars of subterranean clover. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 12 (8): 1192-1199
Ru, Y. J.; Fortune, J. A., 2000. Variation in nutritive value of plant parts of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 40 (3): 397-403
Ru, Y. J.; Fortune, J. A., 2001. Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 41 (2): 169-175
Schlolaut, W., 1987. Nutritional needs and feeding of German Angora rabbits. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 10: 111-121
Sölter, U.; Hopkins, A.; Sitzia, M.; Goby, J. P.; Greef, J. M., 2007. Seasonal changes in herbage mass and nutritive value of a range of grazed legume swards under Mediterranean and cool temperate conditions. Grass and Forage Sci., 62 (3): 372-388
Steiner, J. J.; Grabe, D. F., 1986. Sheep grazing effects on subterranean clover development and seed production in Western Oregon. Crop Sci., 26 (2): 367-372
Stirzaker, R. J.; Sutton, B. G.; Collis-George, N., 1993. Soil management for irrigated vegetable production. I. The growth of processing tomatoes following soil preparation by cultivation, zero-tillage and an in situ-grown mulch. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 44 (4): 817-829
Stirzaker, R. J., 1999. The problem of irrigated horticulture: matching the biophysical efficiency with the economic efficiency. Agrofor. Syst., 45 (1-3): 187-202
Stockdale, C. R., 1992. The nutritive value of subterranean clover herbage grown under irrigation in northern Victoria. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 43 (6): 1265-1280
Stockdale, C. R., 1992. The productivity of dairy cows fed irrigated subterranean clover herbage. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 43 (6): 1281-1295
Stockdale, C. R., 2005. The productivity of irrigated legumes in northern Victoria. 3. Frequency and intensity of defoliation of subterranean clover. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 45 (12): 1587-1594
Thompson, A. N.; Kennedy, A. J.; Holmes, J.; Kearney, G., 2010. Arrowleaf clover improves lamb growth rates in late spring and early summer compared with subterranean clover pastures in south-west Victoria. Anim. Prod. Sci., 50 (8): 807-816
UC SAREP, 2006. Cover crop database. University of California, Sustainable Agriculture Research & Education Program, Davis
Valentine, S. C.; Bartsch, B. D., 1995. The effect of protein supplements on the production and composition of milk from dairy cows fed high levels of grain with pasture silage in early lactation. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 35 (3): 325-329
Vargas, M.; Urbá, R.; Enero, R.; Báez, H.; Pardo, P.; Visconti, C., 1965. Composición de alimentos chilenos de uso en ganadería y avicultura. Santiago. Ministerio de Agricultura. Instituto de Investigación Veterinaria.
Wales, W. J.; Doyle, P. T., 2003. Effect of grain and straw supplementation on marginal milk-production responses and rumen fermentation of cows grazing highly digestible subterranean clover pasture. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 43 (5): 467-474
Waller, R. A.; Sale, P. W. G.; Saul, G. R.; Kearney, G. A., 2001. Tactical versus continuous stocking in perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria. 1. Stocking rates and herbage production. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 41 (8): 1099-1108
Waller, R. A.; Sale, P. W. G.; Saul, G. R.; Kearney, G. A., 2001. Tactical versus continuous stocking in perennial ryegrass-subterranean clover pastures grazed by sheep in south-western Victoria. 3. Herbage nutritive characteristics and animal production. Aust. J. Exp. Agric., 41 (8): 1121-1131

Datasheet citation

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Delagarde R., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2018. Subclover (Trifolium subterraneum). Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/243 Last updated on June 18, 2018, 16:25

Image credits

Sponsored by

Automatic translation

Feed categories

Scientific names

Tools

Resources

Subclover (Trifolium subterraneum)