Feedipedia
Animal feed resources information system
Feedipedia
Feedipedia

Sponsored by

Adisseo

Automatic translation

Did you find the information you were looking for? Is it valuable to you? Feedipedia is encountering funding shortage. We need your help to keep providing reference-based feeding recommendations for your animals.
Would you consider donating? If yes, please click on the button Donate.
Any amount is the welcome. Even one cent is helpful to us!

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) forage, seed and meal

Datasheet

Description
Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans
Guar pods
Guar seeds
Inflorescence of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
Common names 
  • Plant: Calcutta lucerne, cluster bean, clusterbean, guar, siam bean [English]; guar, goma guar [Spanish]; cyamopse à quatre ailes [French]; guarplant, guarstruik, guarboon [Dutch]; Guarbohne [German]; قوار رباعي [Arabic]; گوآر [Persian]; ग्वार [Hindi]; クラスタマメ [Japanese]; കൊത്തമര [Malayalam]; गवार, गोवार [Marathi]; Гуар [Russian]; గోరు చిక్కుడు [Telugu]; 瓜尔 [Chinese]
  • Gum extraction by-product: guar meal, guar seed cake, guar churi, guar korma (high-protein)
  • Crop residue: guar straw, guar phalgati, guar gotar
Species 

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. [Fabaceae]

Synonyms 

Cyamopsis psoraloides (Lam.) DC., Dolichos psoraloides Lam., Psoralea tetragonoloba L.

Feed categories 
Related feed(s) 
Description 

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an erect, bushy annual herbaceous legume up to 3 m high, with trifoliate leaves up to 10 cm long, and white or rose coloured flowers. The pods are straight, hairy, pale green, up to 12 cm long and contain 5 to 12 hard seeds (beans) each. However, the plant morphology is highly variable. Guar has a deep tap root system that can find moisture well below the soil surface (Ecocrop, 2010; Undersander et al., 1991; Wong et al., 1997).

Guar is a multi-purpose plant, mostly used today as a source of galactomannan gum, which is used as a thickener and stabilizer in foods such as salad dressings, ice cream and yoghurt. The gum and the water-soluble resin extracted from the seeds are also used in other industries, including paper manufacturing, cosmetics, mining and oil drilling (Wong et al., 1997). In 2008, India accounted for 80% of the world trade of guar gum and guar seed was among the top 3 agricultural commodity traded on Indian bourses (Mishra, 2008).

The sweet and tender young pods are consumed as a vegetable or snacks in North-west and South India, and the mature seeds can be eaten during periods of food shortages. Young pods and fresh or dry forage are used as livestock feeds. The plant is also used as a green manure and cover crop. Guar yields up to 45 t/ha of green fodder, 6-9 t/ha of green pods and 0.7-3 t/ha of seeds (Ecocrop, 2010; Ecoport, 2010; Undersander et al., 1991; Wong et al., 1997).

Guar meal is the main by-product of guar gum production. It is a mixture of germs and hulls at an approximate ratio of 25% germs to 75% hulls (Lee et al., 2004). A protein-rich material containing about 40% protein in the DM, it is used as a feed ingredient, but may require processing to improve palatability and remove antinutritional factors (see Potential constraints below). In addition to the regular guar meal ("churi"), some Indian manufacturers sell a high-protein guar meal ("korma").

Distribution 

Guar is mainly grown in the semi arid and subtropical areas of North and North-West India (notably in Rajahstan) and East and South-East Pakistan. Guar does not exist in a wild state and is believed to have originated from an African species imported to India as horse fodder by Arabian traders (Ecoport, 2010). It later spread to other Asian countries, including Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, and is now grown in many parts of the drier tropics and subtropics. Its value as a gum-producing crop was recognized during the second World War in the USA (Wong et al., 1997).

Guar is hardy and drought-tolerant. It is well adapted to arid and semi-arid climates with hot temperatures but can grow in sub-humid conditions, from sea level up to an altitude of 1000 m. Drought stops growth and the plant sprouts when rain resumes. It is grown without irrigation in areas with 250-1000 mm of annual rainfall and most seed production occurs in areas with less than 800 mm. However, guar responds well to irrigation during dry periods but does not tolerate waterlogging. Excessive rainfall and humidity affect fertilization, pod development and seed quality. In high rainfall areas, guar is more leafy and more suitable as a green manure and fodder crop. Guar grows well under a wide range of soil conditions and is tolerant of low fertiliy, soil salinity and alkalinity. It performs best on fertile, medium-textured and sandy loam alluvial soils but does not tolerate heavy black soils (Ecocrop, 2010; Ecoport, 2010; Undersander et al., 1991; Wong et al., 1997).

Processes 

Guar gum processing

In the manufacture of guar gum, the germ and the husks are removed by grinding and dry heating to obtain the guar "splits" (endosperm). The resulting by-product consisting of germs and husks, or guar meal, is used as a protein-rich feed material. The splits are subjected to various treatments including being hydrated, flaked, dried, finely ground and then purified, chemically processed and blended, to produce guar gums having specific properties, such as particle size, gel-making and water-binding abilities, as required by specific food and industrial applications (CEC, 2007; Wong et al., 1997).

Guar meal processing

Several treatments, including enzymes (cellulase, hemicellulase, β-mannanase), heat treatments and fermentation have been proposed to improve the nutritive value of guar. Autoclaving guar meal can destroy the haemagglutinins and trypsin inhibitors but has little impact on the saponin and phytate contents (Rajput et al., 1998).

Environmental impact 

Like other legumes, guar improves nitrogen availability in soils and the ploughed crop residues have been shown to increase significantly the yields of succeeding crops (Wong et al., 1997). It is used in the reclamation of low fertility, high salinity and high alkalinity soils (Ecoport, 2010). As a soil improver, guar is used in rotation or intercropped with maize, sorghum, wheat or vegetables, or as a cover crop in rubber and coconut plantations. It is also a shade provider for plants such as ginger and turmeric (Undersander et al., 1991; Wong et al., 1997).

Nutritional aspects
Nutritional attributes 

Guar meal is an interesting feedstuff due to its relatively high protein content, 40-45% DM for the regular meal and 50-55% DM for the korma meal. Its lysine (1.72% DM) and sulphur amino acids (methionine + cysteine 0.96% DM) contents are comparable to those of groundnut meal but much lower than those of soybean meal (Feedipedia, 2011). Its main issues for all species are palatability and content of antinutritional factors. The current manufacturing of guar meal involves toasting, which destroys antitrypsic inhibitors and haemagglutins, but problems caused by the gum content may still require further processing. Guar meal is usually suitable for ruminants and to some extent can replace other protein sources, but its use in monogastrics is more limited.

Potential constraints 

Gum content

Guar meal contains about 12% gum residue (7% in the germ fraction and 13% in the hulls) (Lee et al., 2005), which increases viscosity in the intestine and reduces digestibility and growth (Lee et al., 2009).

Other antinutritional factors

Guar meal contains other types of antinutritional factors: trypsin inhibitors, saponin, haemagglutinins, hydrocyanic acid and polyphenols have been identified (Verma et al., 1982; Gutierrez et al., 2007). However, anti-trypsic activity was found to be lower than in heat-treated soybean meal and isn't therefore the main cause of the antinutritional effects of guar in poultry (Lee et al., 2004). The large saponin content of guar seed (up to 13% DM) could have both antinutritionals effect and a positive antimicrobial activity (Hassan et al., 2010).

Dioxin and PCP contamination

In 2007, batches of Indian guar gum imported to Europe were found to be contaminated with PCP (pentachlorophenol, a chemical used as an insecticide and fungicide) and PCP-related dioxins, up to 1000 times above the legal limit. An EU mission sent to India could not determine the source of the contamination, but found that PCP was used extensively in the production of guar gum and that the controls in place were inadequate. The mission team also found guar splits contaminated with dioxins, though not related to PCP and likely to have come from another source (CEC, 2007).

Ruminants 

Forage

Pasture and green forage

Guar was found to be not very suitable for grazing due to its hairy leaves and unpalatability (Göhl, 1982). Guar is sometimes grazed to reduce the risk of bloat in ruminants (Wong et al., 1997). Palatability improves after cutting and wilting (Göhl, 1982). The best time for cutting guar for fodder is during flowering and early pod formation (Wong et al., 1997).

In sheep, guar forage from two successive cuts was found to be palatable and digestible, with a DMI of 2.42% LW (Abd El-Baki et al., 1997). When offered ad libitum, it was more palatable than Cenchrus ciliaris straw and Vigna aconitifolia forage and resulted in higher dry matter intake and live-weight gain (Mathur et al., 2005).

Hay

Guar hay cut at flowering was able to maintain the body weight of rams for 45 days with a DMI of 2.44% LW (Patnayak et al., 1979). In goats, guar hay cut at pod formation gave identical nutrient and energy intakes and digestibility to the mixture of guar hay and crushed oats (Pachauri et al., 1986).

Crop residues

In lactating cows, guar crop residues containing the stems, leaves and immature pods left after threshing, compared favourably to cajan pea (Patel et al., 1972). Guar straw can be incorporated up to 70% in the diet of adult sheep to provide maintenance without any adverse effects (Singh et al., 2008). Crop residues are also used for feeding camels in the arid regions of India (Bhakat et al., 2009; Saini et al., 2006).

Guar meal

Raw guar meal can constitute up to 25% of cattle rations. Processed meal can be used as the sole protein component of cattle diets (Göhl, 1982).

Few nutritive values have been determined: total N degradability for expanded guar meal was in the 65-75% range and was influenced by the amount of heat treatment applied during processing. Total N degradability for unprocessed meal was 85% (Lund et al., 2008). The only reported OM digestibilities are 76% and 71% for the processed and unprocessed meal respectively (Islam Shah et al., 1964).

Cattle

In dairy cows, palatability problems have been reported when more than 5% guar meal was included in the diet. However, dairy cows and heifers fed rations containing 10-15% guar meal became acquainted to its odor and taste after a few days. Intake remained lower than with the control diet (cottonseed meal) but milk yield was not affected. In growing dairy calves, flavoured guar meal and toasted guar meal gave slightly better rates of intake and gain than raw guar meal during the first month of feeding (Rahman et al., 1968).

In beef cattle, steers fed raw and toasted guar meal (2.8 kg/head/day with ad libitum sorghum silage) exhibited mild scouring and showed signs of reluctance to eat for a few days, but final average daily gain was comparable to that obtained with a cottonseed meal-based control diet (Conrad et al., 1967).

In growing male buffalo calves, guar meal fed at 50% of ME intake was found to be a better energy and protein supplement than groundnut meal, being more digestible, and giving a better growth rate and feed conversion efficiency (Mandal et al., 1989a; Mandal et al., 1989b). The animals also showed a positive response in sperm motility, plasma LH and testosterone compared to those fed groundnut meal (Lohan et al., 1989).

Sheep

In lambs, guar meal diets initially resulted in disappointing growth rates, but after acclimatization to the diet growth rates improved and the animals showed signs of compensation (Huston et al., 1971). Sheep fed diets containing 50:50 guar meal and maize (ad libitum diets alone or ad libitum diets combined with grazing) had better meat yields than sheep grazing without a supplement (Rohilla et al., 2007). Rumen-protected (formaldehyde) guar meal supplemented with urea resulted in higher growth than raw or unsupplemented guar meal (Mathur et al., 1989).

Guar seeds

In a comparison of several legume seeds in the Southern Great Plains of the USA, the protein and in vitro digestible DM of guar seeds indicated that they could be efficient replacements for maize or cottonseed meal in livestock diets, assuming that guar could generate enough grain biomass to be cost-effective. Though not as effective as soybean, guar seeds were capable of accumulating useful levels of protein and digestible dry matter under the variable growing conditions of the study (Rao et al., 2009). 

Boiled (slow heat) guar seeds fed with wheat straw (40% of ME) to male buffalo calves resulted in adequate nutrients utilization and availability of undegraded dietary protein (Tiwari et al., 1990).

Crushed guar seeds increased dry matter intake and digestibility when included at 150 g/head in Marwari ewes grazing sewan grass (Lasiurus scindicus) (Thakur et al., 1985).

Pigs 

In growing pigs, guar meal included at 7.5% of the diet resulted in lower growth than the control diet (sorghum-soybean meal) (Tanksley et al., 1967). In growing-finishing pigs, the inclusion of guar meal up to 6% had no negative effects on growth performance. Guar meal included at 12% reduced growth without affecting pork quality (Heo et al., 2009). Replacement of groundnut meal with toasted guar meal in the diets of growing-finishing pigs did not affect body weight gain, feed consumption, feed utilization efficiency and digestibility (Khirwar et al., 1986).

Poultry 

The addition of guar by-products in poultry diets may be a useful economic strategy for decreasing feed costs while maintaining production levels, provided that the inclusion rates are kept lower than 10 or even 5%. Treatment of guar products can improve marginally the value of the product. Reported TME for poultry are in the 10.9-11.3 MJ/kg DM range (Campbell et al., 1983; Nadeem et al., 2005).

Broilers

Raw guar meal depresses growth and feed efficiency in chickens at inclusion rates as low as 7.5% (Vohra et al., 1964b) and 10% seems to be the maximum rate acceptable (Patel et al., 1985). An inclusion rate of 2.5% untreated guar meal can support growth, feed consumption, feed:gain ratio, and meat yield equivalent to those of a corn-soybean meal diet (Conner, 2002). The antinutritional effects are more pronounced in young birds (Verma et al., 1982). The residual gum present in the hull fraction (and to a lesser extent in the germ) is thought to be the main cause of the antinutritional value of guar meal. The gum increases intestinal viscosity, preventing the correct mixing of digesta and their contact with digestive secretions. It also causes watery and sticky feces (Lee et al., 2009). The effects on animal performance of other antinutritional factors present in guar meal, notably trypsin inhibitors, are less certain (Lee et al., 2004).

Several methods have been proposed to improve the nutritive value of guar meal in poultry, with variable success. Steam pelleting, toasting, water treatment and methionine supplementation failed to improve performance in broilers, while the addition of cellulase, hemicellulase or β-mannanase, combinations of heat treatments (autoclaving) and enzyme treatment improved feed utilization (though not necessarily body weight) (Vohra et al., 1964a; Patel et al., 1985; Lee et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2009). Fermentation with Aspergillus niger or Fusarium sp. was also found to be useful (Nagra et al., 1998a; Nagra et al., 1998b). Autoclaving enhanced the stickiness of dropping, whereas hemicellulase prevented it (Patel et al., 1985). However, even for treated guar meal, the feeding threshold should remain as low as 5% to avoid problems (Lee et al., 2005).

Laying hens

Guar meal included at 10% or more in the diet of laying hens decreased egg production and feed efficiency and diminished egg yolk color. Guar germs and guar meal were fed up to 5% in high-production diets for laying hens without unfavorable effects on egg production, feed consumption, eggshell quality and solid egg components, but affected negatively feed conversion, egg weight and total egg mass (Gutierrez et al., 2007).

Ducks

Up to 10% toasted guar meal in the diet replaced soybean meal in feed for layer ducks without decreasing performance (Nageswara et al., 2002).

Quails

Up to 20% guar meal replaced groundnut meal in the feed of laying Japanese quails without affecting egg numbers or size (Verma, 1982 cited by Devendra, 1988).

Antimicrobial activity

Feeding late-phase laying hens 20% guar meal with and without β-mannanase was found to be as effective in inducing molt as feed withdrawal, with the added benefit of improved resistance to Salmonella enteritidis colonization in molted laying hens. Supplementation of β-mannanase also enhanced resistance to Salmonella enteritidis (Gutierrez et al., 2008). In broilers, guar meal included at 5% of the diet showed anticoccidial activity against Emeria tenella. Saponin-rich guar meal extract exhibited antibacterial activity. Thus, guar products may have potential as an antibiotic alternative in poultry though it is still unclear if this effect is due to residual guar gum, saponin, or some unknown component of guar meal (Hassan et al., 2008).

Rabbits 

Forage

Guar forages from two successive cuts were found to be palatable and digestible in rabbits, with a DMI of 1.78% LW (Abd El-Baki et al., 1997).

Guar meal

Guar meal should not be fed to growing rabbits as it depresses feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, dry matter and energy digestibility, even when it replaces less than 25% of soybean meal (Schurg et al., 1986; Lebas, 2004). However, guar meal could be fed up to 22.5% of the diet of weaner broiler rabbits (Prasad et al., 1998).

Fish 

Carp

In carp species, guar meal can replace part of the animal protein sources but high inclusion rates have detrimental effects. Guar meal can replace up to 50% of fishmeal protein in common carp fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio) but higher rates decreased protein, lipid and protein digestibility (El-Saidy et al., 2005). In rohu (Labeo rohita), guar meal included at 30% in the diet resulted in much lower dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility than meat meal, but was still considered a valuable feed ingredient (Asad et al., 2005). Milled and pelleted guar seeds, raw or autoclaved, were fed directly to mrigal fingerlings (Cirrhinus mrigala). Feeding raw and autoclaved guar resulted in lower survival, weight gain and carcass protein, fat and energy content than for the fish fed soybeans, mung beans and cowpeas (Garg et al., 2002).

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Milled guar seeds could successfully replace up to 50% of fish meal in the diets of Nile tilapia, without adverse effects on feed utilization and growth, though more trials are necessary to investigate the long-term effects of such diets (Al-Hafedh et al., 1998).

Nutritional tables
Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value 

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 95.0 0.9 93.4 96.7 13
Crude protein % DM 42.0 1.1 40.0 44.3 18
Crude fibre % DM 12.7 2.8 7.2 16.1 15
NDF % DM 20.7 0.3 20.5 21.0 3
Lignin % DM 0.3 1
Ether extract % DM 5.3 1.1 4.2 7.5 12
Ash % DM 5.8 0.9 4.7 8.8 16
Starch (polarimetry) % DM 4.1 3.1 5.1 2
Total sugars % DM 3.9 1
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 20.5 1.0 18.4 20.6 4 *
 
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Calcium g/kg DM 7.0 3.3 4.5 12.6 5
Phosphorus g/kg DM 6.4 2.1 4.6 9.8 5
Sodium g/kg DM 0.8 1
Magnesium g/kg DM 3.4 2.9 3.9 2
Manganese mg/kg DM 2 1
Zinc mg/kg DM 61 48 73 2
Copper mg/kg DM 18 16 19 2
Iron mg/kg DM 433 1
 
Amino acids Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Alanine % protein 4.0 0.1 3.9 4.2 4
Arginine % protein 12.3 0.5 11.8 12.9 4
Aspartic acid % protein 9.8 0.2 9.6 10.1 4
Cystine % protein 1.2 0.1 1.1 1.3 4
Glutamic acid % protein 18.3 0.7 17.7 19.3 4
Glycine % protein 5.2 0.2 5.1 5.4 3
Histidine % protein 2.5 0.1 2.4 2.6 4
Isoleucine % protein 3.1 0.2 2.9 3.2 4
Leucine % protein 5.6 0.1 5.5 5.8 4
Lysine % protein 4.1 0.2 3.9 4.3 4
Methionine % protein 1.1 0.0 1.1 1.2 4
Phenylalanine % protein 3.7 0.1 3.6 3.9 4
Proline % protein 3.5 0.2 3.3 3.8 4
Serine % protein 4.7 0.1 4.7 4.8 3
Threonine % protein 3.0 0.2 2.8 3.2 4
Tyrosine % protein 2.5 1
Valine % protein 3.8 0.1 3.6 3.9 4
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 76.4 1
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 76.7 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 15.7 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 12.0 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 88.3 4.9 85.0 93.9 3
a (N) % 18.0 1.0 17.0 19.0 3
b (N) % 70.7 3.5 67.0 74.0 3
c (N) h-1 0.157 0.035 0.120 0.190 3
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%) % 74 *
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%) % 69 4 66 73 3 *
 
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 70.1 *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 14.4 *
MEn growing pig MJ/kg DM 13.2 *
NE growing pig MJ/kg DM 8.3 *
 
Poultry nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
TME poultry MJ/kg DM 11.1 10.8 11.3 2

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Campbell et al., 1983; Gowda et al., 2004; Huston et al., 1971; Islam Shah et al., 1964; Krishna, 1985; Krishna, 1985; Lee et al., 2004; Lund et al., 2008; Morgan et al., 1980; Nadeem et al., 2005; Rahman et al., 1968; Swanek et al., 2001; Verma et al., 1985

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:30

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 92.0 1
Crude protein % DM 55.8 55.1 56.6 2
Crude fibre % DM 7.2 6.3 8.0 2
NDF % DM 25.6 1
ADF % DM 12.9 1
Lignin % DM 5.3 1
Ether extract % DM 4.7 4.3 5.1 2
Ash % DM 5.4 5.3 5.5 2
Starch (polarimetry) % DM 1.8 0.7 3.0 2
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 21.1 *
 
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 78.8 *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 16.6 *
NE growing pig MJ/kg DM 9.5 *

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:30

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 94.8 1
Crude protein % DM 40.9 40.6 41.1 2
Crude fibre % DM 6.8 1
NDF % DM 19.8 1
Ether extract % DM 5.0 1
Ash % DM 6.6 5.6 7.6 2
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 20.0 *
 
Amino acids Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Alanine % protein 4.0 1
Arginine % protein 11.8 1
Aspartic acid % protein 10.1 1
Cystine % protein 1.1 1
Glutamic acid % protein 18.0 1
Glycine % protein 5.2 1
Histidine % protein 2.5 1
Isoleucine % protein 3.2 1
Leucine % protein 5.7 1
Lysine % protein 4.0 1
Methionine % protein 1.1 1
Phenylalanine % protein 3.7 1
Proline % protein 3.5 1
Serine % protein 4.8 1
Threonine % protein 3.3 1
Valine % protein 3.7 1
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 71.9 1
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 71.8 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 14.3 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 11.0 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 88.0 80.5 95.5 2
a (N) % 45.0 1
b (N) % 54.0 1
c (N) h-1 0.170 1
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%) % 89 *
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%) % 85 *
 
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 79.4 *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 15.9 *

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Islam Shah et al., 1964; Lund et al., 2008; Rahman et al., 1968

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:30

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 92.4 1
Crude protein % DM 28.0 1
Crude fibre % DM 6.9 1.6 5.0 7.9 3
Ether extract % DM 3.7 1
Ash % DM 5.0 0.9 4.0 5.5 3
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 19.2 19.2 19.2 2
 
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Manganese mg/kg DM 24 1
Zinc mg/kg DM 63 1
Copper mg/kg DM 13 1
 
Amino acids Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Arginine % protein 12.5 1
Cystine % protein 0.6 1
Glycine % protein 5.1 1
Histidine % protein 2.5 1
Isoleucine % protein 3.2 1
Leucine % protein 5.9 1
Lysine % protein 4.0 1
Methionine % protein 1.4 1
Phenylalanine % protein 3.7 1
Threonine % protein 2.8 1
Tryptophan % protein 1.9 1
Tyrosine % protein 3.3 1
Valine % protein 4.2 1
 
Secondary metabolites Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Tannins, condensed (eq. catechin) g/kg DM 0.0 0.0 0.0 2
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 91.8 *
ME ruminants (FAO, 1982) MJ/kg DM 11.2 1
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 79.3 1
 
Pig nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig % 79.3 *
DE growing pig MJ/kg DM 15.2 *

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Garg et al., 2002; Maan et al., 2003; Patel, 1966; Van Etten et al., 1961

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:30

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Crude protein % DM 16.0 1
Crude fibre % DM 22.7 1
Ether extract % DM 1.9 1
Ash % DM 17.0 1
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 16.4 *
 
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Calcium g/kg DM 18.0 1
Phosphorus g/kg DM 1.0 1
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 72.6 *
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 69.4 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 11.4 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 9.1 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 77.0 1

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Lander et al., 1930

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:30

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Dry matter % as fed 85.8 1
Crude protein % DM 23.9 22.5 25.2 2
Crude fibre % DM 11.8 9.7 13.8 2
Ether extract % DM 2.2 0.9 3.5 2
Ash % DM 15.5 14.4 16.5 2
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 16.9 *
 
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Calcium g/kg DM 24.2 1
Phosphorus g/kg DM 2.7 1
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 72.0 *
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 68.3 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 11.5 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 9.2 *

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Chopra, 1970; Sen, 1938

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:31

Main analysis Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Crude protein % DM 8.8 1.9 6.8 10.6 3
Crude fibre % DM 32.9 13.1 23.9 48.0 3
Ether extract % DM 1.3 0.3 1.0 1.5 3
Ash % DM 7.9 3.1 4.5 10.6 3
Gross energy MJ/kg DM 17.9 *
 
Minerals Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
Calcium g/kg DM 11.7 3.8 7.5 15.0 3
Phosphorus g/kg DM 2.7 1.5 1.2 4.2 3
 
Ruminant nutritive values Unit Avg SD Min Max Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant % 59.5 *
Energy digestibility, ruminants % 56.0 *
DE ruminants MJ/kg DM 10.1 *
ME ruminants MJ/kg DM 8.1 *
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants % 61.5 1

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Patel, 1966; Patnayak et al., 1979

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:31

References
References 
Abd El-Baki, S. M. ; Nowar, M. S. ; Oraby, F. T. ; Hassona, E. M. ; Bassuny, S. M. ; El-Gendy, K. M., 1997. Nutritional studies on some green forages in Egypt. 2. studies on two successive cuts of guar (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba L.) fed to sheep and rabbits. Int. Conf. on animal, poultry & rabbit production and health, Egyptian Int. Centre for Agric., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt 2-4 Sept, 1997, p. 535-545
Al-Hafedh, Y. S. ; Siddiqui, A. Q., 1998. Evaluation of guar seed as a protein source in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), practical diets. Aquacult. Res., 29 (10): 703-708 web icon
Asad, F. ; Salim, M. ; Shahzad, M. ; Noreen, U., 2005. Estimation of apparent digestibility coefficient of guar, canola and meat meal for Labeo rohita. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 7 (5): 816-819 web icon
Baligar, V. C. ; Fageria, N. K., 2007. Agronomy and physiology of tropical cover crops. J. Plant Nutr., 30 (8): 1287-1339 web icon
Bhakat, C. ; Saini, N. ; Pathak, K. M. L., 2009. Comparative study on camel management systems for economic sustainability. J. Camel Pract. Res., 16 (1): 77-81 web icon
Campbell, L. D. ; Jacobsen, I. ; Eggum, B. O. ; Just, A., 1983. A study of the variability of the endogenous energy output by adult roosters and a determination of the available energy of nine different feedstuffs. J. Sci. Food Agric., 34: 221-226 web icon
CEC, 2007. Final report of a mission carried out in India from 05 to 11 October 2007. DG(SANCO)2007-7619, Health & consumer protection Directorate-general web icon
Chauhan, T. R. ; Gill, R. S. ; Ichchponani, J. S., 1980. Nutritive value of berseem and clusterbean forages. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 59 (12): 1052-1055 web icon
Chopra, S. L., 1970. Personal communication. Punjab Agricultural Univ., Ludhiana (India). Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Conner, S. R. ; Lee, J. T. ; Carey, J. ; Bailey, C.A., 2001. Nutrient characterization of guar meal fractions. Poult. Sci., 80 (Suppl. 1): 50
Conner, S., 2002. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College Station, TX. Characterization of guar meal for use in poultry rations
Conrad, B. E. ; Neal, E. M. ; Riggs; J. K., 1967. Guar meal for beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 26 (1): 219 web icon
Devendra, C., 1988. Non-conventional feed resources and fibrous agricultural residues. Strategies for expanded utilization. Proceedings of a Consultation held in Hisar, India, 21-29 March 1988, IDRC, ICAR web icon
Ecocrop, 2010. Ecocrop database. FAO web icon
Ecoport, 2010. Ecoport database. Ecoport web icon
El-Saidy, D. M. S. D. ; Gaber, M. M. ; Abd-Elshafy, A. S., 2005. Evaluation of cluster bean meal Cyamposis tetragonoloba as a dietary protein source for common carp Cyprinus carpio L. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 36 (3): 311-319
Garg, S. K. ; Kalla A. ; Bhatnagar A., 2002. Evaluation of raw and hydrothermically processed leguminous seeds as supplementary feed for the growth of two Indian major carp species. Aquacult. Res., 33 (3): 151-163 web icon
Göhl, B., 1982. Les aliments du bétail sous les tropiques. FAO, Division de Production et Santé Animale, Roma, Italy web icon
Gutierrez, O. ; Zhang, C. ; Cartwright, A. L. ; Carey, J. B. ; Bailey, C. A., 2007. Use of guar by-products in high-production laying hen diets. Poult. Sci., 86: 1115–1120 web icon
Gutierrez, O. ; Zhang, C. ; Caldwell, D. J. ; Carey, J. B. ; Cartwright, A. L. ; Bailey, C. A., 2008. Guar meal diets as an alternative approach to inducing molt and improving Salmonella enteritidis resistance in late-phase laying hens. Poult. Sci., 87: 536–540 web icon
Hassan, S. M. ; El-Gayar, A. K. ; Cadwell, D. J. ; Bailey, C. A. ; Cartwright, A. L., 2008. Guar meal ameliorates Eimeria tenella infection in broiler chicks. Vet. Parasitol., 157 (1-2): 133-138 web icon
Hassan, S. M. ; Haq, A. U. ; Byrd, J. A. ; Berhow, M. A. ; Cartwright, A. L. ; Bailey, C. A., 2010. Haemolytic and antimicrobial activities of saponin-rich extracts from guar meal. Food Chem., 119: 600–605 web icon
Heo, P. S. ; Lee, S. W. ; Kim, D. H. ; Lee, G. Y. ; Kim, K. H. ; Kim, Y. Y., 2009. Various levels of guar meal supplementation on growth performance and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci., 87, E-Suppl. 2: 144
Huston, J. E. ; Shelton, M., 1971. An evaluation of various protein concentrates for growing finishing lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 32 (2): 334-348 web icon
Islam Shah, S. S. ; Sial, M. B. ; Schneider, B. H., 1964. The nutritive value of guar meal. J. Anim. Sci., 23 : 892 (Abstract)
Khalil, I. A. ; Durrani, F. R., 1990. Nutritional evaluation of tropical legume and cereal forages grown in Pakistan. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 67 (4): 313-316
Khirwar, S. S. ; Yadav, K. R. ; Paliwal, V. K, 1986. Utilization of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal in growing-finishing swine rations. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 56 (8): 881-885
Lander, P. E. ; Dharmani, L. C., 1930. Some digestibility trials on Indian feeding stuffs. VI. Green fodders and silage. Mem. Dep. Agric. India, Chem. Ser., 10: 193
Lebas, F., 2004. Reflections on rabbit nutrition with a special emphasis on feed ingredients utilization. Proceedings of the 8th World Rabbit Congress, September 7-10, 2004, Puebla, Mexico 2004 web icon
Lee, J. T. ; Bailey, C. A. ; Cartwright, A. L., 2003. beta-Mannanase ameliorates viscosity-associated depression of growth in broiler chickens fed guar germ and hull fractions. Poult. Sci., 82 (12): 1925-1931 web icon
Lee, J. T. ; Connor-Appleton, S. ; Haq, A. U. ; Bailey, C. A. ; Cartwright, A. L., 2004. Quantitative measurement of negligible trypsin inhibitor activity and nutrient analysis of guar meal fractions. J. Agric. Food Chem., 52: 6492-6495 web icon
Lee, J. T. ; Connor-Appleton, S. ; Bailey, C. A. ; Cartwright, A. L., 2005. Effects of guar meal by-product with and without beta-mannanase hemicell on broiler performance. Poult. Sci., 84 (8): 1261-1267 web icon
Lee, J. T. ; Bailey, C. A. ; Cartwright, A. L., 2009. In vitro viscosity as a function of guar meal and beta-mannanase content of feeds. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8 (8): 715-719 web icon
Lohan, I. S. ; Kaker, M. L. ; Singal, S. P. ; Mandal, A. B., 1989. Sperm motility and changes in certain plasma sex hormones in growing male buffaloes fed on guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 6 (3): 249 251
Lund, P. ; Weisbjerg, M. R. ; Hvelplund, T., 2008. Profile of digested feed amino acids from untreated and expander treated feeds estimated using in situ methods in dairy cows. Livest. Sci., 114 (1): 108-116 web icon
Maan, N. S. ; Mandal, A. B. ; Yadav, P. S. ; Gupta, P. C., 2003. Mineral status of feeds and fodders in Bhiwani district of Haryana state. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 73 (10): 1150-1154
Mandal, A. B. ; Aggarwal, S. P. ; Khirwar, S. S. ; Vidya Sagar, 1989. Effect of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal on nutrient utilization and thyroid hormones in buffalo calves. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 6 (3): 187-193
Mandal, A. B. ; Khirwar, S. S. ; Gopal Krishna; Vidya Sagar, 1989. Utilization of clusterbean-meal in rations of growing buffalo calves. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 59 (7): 851-859
Mathur, O. P. ; Mathur, C. S., 1989. Feeding of protected protein and urea supplementation for enhanced growth and feed utilization in Magra lambs. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 6 (3): 274-278
Mathur, B. K. ; Patel, A. K. ; Bohra, H. C. ; Mathur, A. C. ; Kaushish, S. K., 2005. Acceptability, palatability and utilization of clusterbean and dewbean fodder v/s buffel grass in sheep. J. Arid Legumes, 2 (1): 39-42
Mishra, S., 2008. India guar gum exports up on industry demand. Reuters, April 28, 2008 web icon
Mondal, G. ; Walli, T. K. ; Patra, A. K., 2008. In vitro and in sacco ruminal protein degradability of common Indian feed ingredients. Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 20 (4): 63 web icon
Nadeem, M. A. ; Gilani, A. H. ; Khan, A.G. ; Mahr-Un-Nisa, 2005. True Metabolizable Energy values of poultry feedstuffs in Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 7 (6): 990-994 web icon
Nageswara, A. R. ; Reddy, V. R., 2002. Utilization of toasted guar meal and de-oiled mustard cake in layer ducks. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 19 (4):346-352
Nagra, S. S. ; Sethi, R. P. ; Chopra, A. K., 1998. Feeding of fermented guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) meal to broiler chicks. Indian J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 14 (1): 40-44
Nagra, S. S. ; Sethi, R. P. ; Chawla, J. S. ; Chopra, A. K., 1998. Feeding value of fermented guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. Taub.) meal in broilers. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 33 (3): 336-338
Pachauri, V. C. ; Upadhyaya, R. S., 1986. Nutritive value of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) hay as affected by supplementation of oat grain in goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 56 (1): 154-155
Patel, B. M. ; Shukla, P. C., 1972. Effect of supplementation of carbohydrate feeds to legume roughages on their nutritive values. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 42 (10): 767-771
Patel, M. B. ; McGinnis, J., 1985. The effect of autoclaving and enzyme supplementation of guar meal on the performance of chicks and laying hens. Poult. Sci., 64: 1148–1156 web icon
Patel, B. M., 1966. Animal nutrition in Western India. A review of work done from 1961 to 1965. Anand, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Patnayak, B. C.; Mohan, M.; Bhatia, D. R.; Hajra, A., 1979. A note on the nutritional value of cowpea, moth (dewgram) and clusterbean fodders fed as hay to sheep. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 49 (9): 746-748
Prasad, R. ; Sankhyan, S. K. ; Karim, S. A., 1998. Growth performance of broiler rabbits fed on diets containing various types of protein supplements. Indian J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 14 (4): 227-230
Rahman, M. S. ; Leighton, R. E., 1968. Guar meal in dairy rations. J. Dairy Sci., 51 (10):1667-1671 web icon
Rajput, L. P. ; Ramamani, S. ; Haleem, M. A. ; Subramanian, N., 1998. Chemical and biological studies on processed guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 33 (1): 15-25
Ram Ratan; Sawal, R. K., 2005. Influence of sirus (Albizia lebbeck) pods supplementation in sheep production. Indian J. Small Rumin., 11 (1): 43-47 web icon
Rao, S. C. ; Northup, B. K., 2009. Capabilities of four novel warm-season legumes in the southern Great Plains: grain production and quality. Crop science, 49 (3): 1103-1108 web icon
Rohilla, P. P. ; Khem Chand; Jangid, B. L., 2007. Economic mutton and wool production from Marwari sheep. Indian Vet. J., 84 (2): 188-190
Saini, N. ; Singh, G. P., 2006. Effect of weaning on growth performance of camel calves. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (5): 344-348 web icon
Schurg, W. A. ; Maiorino, P. M. ; Reid, B. L., 1986. Evaluation of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) meal as a protein source for rabbits. Nutr. Rep. Int., 34:1115-1120
Sen, K. C., 1938. The nutritive values of Indian cattle feeds and the feeding of animals. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Dehli, Bulletin No. 25, 1-30
Singh, N. ; Arya, R. S. ; Sharma, T. ; Dhuria, R. K. ; Garg, D. D., 2008. Effect of feeding of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) straw based complete feed in loose and compressed form on rumen and haemato-biochemical parameters in Marwari sheep. Vet. Pract., 9 (2): 110-115
Swanek, S. S. ; Krehbiel, C. R. ; Gill, D. R. ; Gardner, B. A., 2001. Extent and rate of in situ ruminal degradation of protein byproduct feeds on a high concentrate diet. Anim. Sci. Res. Report - Agricultural Experiment Station, Oklahoma State University, P-986, 3 p. web icon
Tanksley, T. D. Jr; Osbourn, D. J., 1967. Use of processed guar meal in swine rations. J. Anim. Sci., 26 (1): 216- web icon
Thakur, S. S. ; Mali, P. C. ; Patnayak, B. C., 1985. Evaluation of sewan (Lasiurus sindicus) pasture with or without supplementation of of crushed clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba). Indian J. Anim. Sci., 55 (8): 711-714 web icon
Tiwari, S. P. ; Krishna, G., 1990. Effect of boiled guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub) seed feeding on growth rate and utilization of nutrients in buffalo calves. Indian J. Anim. Prod. Manage., 6 (3): 119-126
Tripp, L. D. ; Lovelace, D. A. ; Boring, E.P., 1982. Keys to profitable guar production. Texas Agricultural Extension Service Bulletin B- 1399. Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas web icon
Ullah, Z. ; Ahmed, G. ; Nisa, M. u. ; Sarwar, M., 2016. Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of commonly used feed ingredients in growing broilers. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 29 (9): 1322-1330 web icon
Undersander, D. J. ; Putnam, D. H. ; Kaminski, A. R. ; Kelling, K. A. ; Doll, J. D. ; Oplinger, E. S. ; Gunsolus, J. L., 1991. Guar. in Alternative Field Crop Manual, University of Wisconsin, University of Minnesota web icon
Van Etten, C. H. ; Miller, R. W. ; Wolff, I. A. ; Jones, Q., 1961. Nutrients in seed meals, amino acid composition of twenty-seven selected seed meals. J. Agric. Food Chem., 9: 79-82 web icon
Verma, S. V. S. ; McNab, J. M., 1982. Guar meal in diets for broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci., 23: 95-105 web icon
Verma, S. V. S. ; McNab, J. M., 1984. Chemical, biochemical and microbiological examination of guar meal. Indian J. Poult. Sci., 19 (3): 165-170
Verma, S. V. S., 1982. Use of guar meal in layer quail ration. IX. Ann. Poult. Conf. and Symp., Tirupati, India, No. 21 (Abstr.)
Vohra, P. ; Kratzer, F. H., 1964. Growth inhibitory effect of certain polysaccharides for chickens. Poult. Sci., 43: 1164–1170
Vohra, P. ; Kratzer, F. H., 1964. The use of guar meal in chicken rations. Poult. Sci., 43: 502–503
Wong, L. J. ; Parmar, C., 1997. Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert. Record from Proseabase. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia web icon
75 references found
Datasheet citation 

Tran G., 2015. Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) forage, seed and meal. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/311 Last updated on May 11, 2015, 14:31

English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ)
Image credits