Papaya (Carica papaya) fruits, leaves and by-products

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Common names

Papaya, pawpaw, papaw [English]; mamão, papaia, mamoeiro, papaeira [Portuguese]; papaja [Afrikaans]; papayer, melon des tropiques [French]; papaya, papayón, papayo, mamón, lechosa [Spanish]; fruta bomba [Spanish/Cuba]; papayero [Spanish/Mexico]; pepaya [Indonesian]; katès [Javanese]; papaja [Dutch]; mpapai [Swahili]; papay [Haitian Creole]; betik [Malay]; Melonowiec właściwy [Polish]; babaay [Somali]; gedang [Sundanese]; Đu đủ [Vietnamese]; 番木瓜 [Chinese]; ፓፓያ [Amharic]; ببايا [Arabic]; পেঁপে [Bengali]; Παπάγια [Greek]; પપૈયાં [Gujarati]; 파파야 [Korean]; पपीता [Hindi]; פפאיה [Hebrew]; ໝາກຫຸ່ງ [Lao]; പപ്പായ [Malayalam]; पपई [Marathi]; パパイア [Japanese]; ਪਪੀਤਾ [Punjabi]; Папайя, ды́нное де́рево [Russian]; பப்பாளி [Tamil]; బొప్పాయి [Telugu]; มะละกอ [Thai]; پپیتا [Urdu]

Species

Carica papaya L. [Caricaceae]

Related feed(s)

Description

The papaya tree (Carica papaya L.) is a fast growing perennial branchless tree up to 10 m high, with a crown of very large palmate leaves, at the base of which the fruits are clustered. It is mainly cultivated for its edible fruits which appear 10 months after planting. They are pyriform, orange or red-orange when ripe and may weigh up to 9 kg each. Fruits are tasty, sweet and juicy. Papaya fruits are a palatable feedstuff and the leaves and fruit by-products are also used to feed animals (Ecoport, 2009; Ecocrop, 2009).

Distribution

Papaya is thought to have originated from Mexico and Central America. It was spread during the 16th century, by Spanish explorers, from Central America to the Caribbean and South-East Asia. It is now widespread in the tropics (between 32°N and S) in South America, Africa and Asia, and in the warm subtropics (Oceania).

Optimal growth conditions are temperatures between 21 and 33°C, from sea level to an altitude of 1600 m, with 1200 mm annual rainfall. It requires light well-drained soils, rich in organic matter (soil pH of 6.0-6.5) (Villegas, 1991). Warm and sunny seasons enhance fruit quality. Shade is important as well as windbreaks. Papaya is sensitive to salinity and frost, and does not tolerate waterlogging and flooding (Ecoport, 2009).

Environmental impact

Papaya cultivation requires heavy fertilizer applications because nutrient removal is reported to be 1 kg N, 0.2 kg P and 2.5 kg K/t fruit. Use of manure and mulch steadies the release of nutrients (Villegas, 1991).

Nutritional aspects

Potential constraints

Papaya fruit (when unripe), as well as bark, leaves and seeds, contain a proteolytic enzyme, papain, that degrades proteins into amino-acids and is used to tenderize meat.

Ruminants

Papaya pomace

Papaya pomace is the by-product containing peels and seeds obtained after extraction of juice from the fruit. It is a potential alternative feedstuff since it has a high protein content (Naveen et al., 2007). Dry matter and protein digestibility in buffaloes are up to 49.9% and 51.4% respectively (Ramesh Babu et al., 2003). Papaya juice by-products were found to have a higher energy value than maize silage and could partly replace energy concentrates in diets for growing cattle (Azevêdo et al., 2011).

Pigs

Papaya fruits

Papaya fruits supplemented with concentrates have been fed to pigs with good results (Henke, 1949; Göhl, 1982).

Rabbits

Papaya leaves

Papaya leaves given to crossbred weaned rabbits had a better feeding value than Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus) and Tridax procumbens (Taiwo et al., 2005).

Fish

Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer)

Papaya leaf meal included at 13 to 18% in the diet of Asian sea bass gave lower growth than the control diet (Eusebio et al., 2000).

Crustaceans

Papaya leaf meal

Prawns

Indian prawns (Fenneropenaeus indicus, formerly Penaeus indicus), fed a soybean meal-based diet with papaya leaf meal replacing 9% of the protein, had a non-significantly lower weight gain, growth rate and survival rate than those fed the control diet (Eusebio et al., 1998).

Other species

Giant West African snail (Archachatina marginata)

Papaya fruits

Papaya fruits can be used as a cheap source of feed to Archachatina marginata though they give lower performances than bananas. Ripe fruits are preferable to unripe ones (Agbogidi et al., 2008).

Papaya peels and papaya leaves

Papaya peels and leaves fed to giant West African snails gave the best results in feed intake, weight gain and shell increment with no adverse effects when compared to other tropical fruit by-products (mango, plantain and cocoyam) (Omole et al., 2004).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Papaya leaves, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	20.9	2.2	19.3	24.6	5
Crude protein	% DM	25.6	4.3	20.9	32.6	8
Crude fibre	% DM	12.5	2.5	7.3	14.8	8
Ether extract	% DM	6.6	5.5	0.4	10.7	5
Ash	% DM	13.2	3.2	7.6	16.1	7
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	18.4					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	34.6		23.8	45.4	2
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	3.5		2.2	4.9	2
Potassium	g/kg DM	30.4				1
Magnesium	g/kg DM	8.5				1

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

CIRAD, 1991; Holm, 1971; Malik et al., 1967; Munguti et al., 2012; Omole et al., 2004; Oyenuga, 1968

Last updated on 19/02/2015 17:06:32

Papaya leaves, dried

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	92.5				1
Crude protein	% DM	23.5				1
Crude fibre	% DM	10.6				1
Ether extract	% DM	4.2				1
Ash	% DM	12.3				1
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.8					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Walker, 1975

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:13

Papaya peels, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	9.3				1
Crude protein	% DM	9.0				1
Crude fibre	% DM	6.9				1
Ether extract	% DM	0.5				1
Ash	% DM	4.6				1
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.4					*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	79.3					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	13.8					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Cirad, 2008; Omole et al., 2004

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:13

Papaya pomace, dried

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	92.2				1
Crude protein	% DM	18.2		17.9	18.4	2
Crude fibre	% DM	26.7		23.9	29.6	2
NDF	% DM	42.1				1
ADF	% DM	37.1				1
Lignin	% DM	6.8		6.7	6.8	2
Ether extract	% DM	4.7				1
Ash	% DM	18.7				1
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.0					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	18.1				1
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	6.1				1

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
a (N)	%	13.7				1
b (N)	%	56.2				1
c (N)	h-1	0.101				1
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%)	%	54					*
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	49					*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	48.1					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	8.2					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Naveen et al., 2007; Ramesh Babu et al., 2003

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:14

Papaya fruit

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	8.2		7.2	9.1	2
Crude protein	% DM	11.3		11.1	11.4	2
Crude fibre	% DM	12.1		11.7	12.5	2
Ether extract	% DM	1.0		0.8	1.2	2
Ash	% DM	8.4		7.4	9.4	2
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.1					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	2.3				1
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.6				1

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	71.1					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	12.2					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Devendra et al., 1970; Oyenuga, 1968

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:13

References

Aduku, A. O. ; Dim, N. I. ; Hassan, W., 1989. Evaluation of tropical green forages for dry season feeding of rabbits. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 12 (2): 113-115
Agbogidi, O. M. ; Okonta, B. C. ; Ezeana, E. L., 2008. Effects of two edible fruits on the growth performance of African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata Swainson). J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 3: 26-29
Anjos, F. R. dos, 2005. Effect of three different diets (baobab, cowpea and papaya) on the dynamic of gastrointestinal helminths and on weight gain in chickens. In: Effect of scavenging feed resource base on the prevalence of parasites and performance of chickens in Sussundenga District, Mozambique. MSc Thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen and Eduardo Mondlane University, Mozambique
Azevêdo, J. A. G. ; Valadares Filho, S. de C. ; Pina, D. dos S. ; Detmann, E. ; Valadares, R. F. D. ; Pereira, L. G. R. ; Souza, N. K. de P. ; Costa e Silva, L. F., 2011. Intake, total digestibility, microbial protein production and the nitrogen balance in diets with fruit by-products for ruminants. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 40 (5): 1052-1060
Devendra, C. ; Göhl, B. I., 1970. The chemical composition of Caribbean feedingstuffs. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad), 47 (4): 335
Ecocrop, 2009. Ecocrop database. FAO
Ecoport, 2009. Ecoport database. Ecoport
Elezuo, K. O. ; Akalonu, M. N. ; Eboigbe, J. J., 2011. Evaluation of the nutrient composition of some unconventional feedstuffs. Contin. J. Fish. Aquat., Sci. 5 (2): 1-5
Eusebio, P. S. ; Coloso, R. M., 1998. Evaluation of leguminous seed meals and leaf meals as plant protein sources in diets for juvenile Penaeus indicus. Israeli J. Aquacult., 50 (2): 47-54
Eusebio, P. S.; Coloso, R. M., 2000. Nutritional evaluation of various plant protein sources in diets for Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer. J. Appl. Ichth., 16 (2): 56-60
Göhl, B., 1982. Les aliments du bétail sous les tropiques. FAO, Division de Production et Santé Animale, Roma, Italy
Henke, L. A., 1949. Swine feeding trials in Hawaii. Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta. Bul. No. 99
Holm, J., 1971. Feeding tables. Composition and nutritive value of feedstuffs in Northern Thailand. Nutrition Laboratory of the Thai German Dairy Project, Livestock Breeding Station Huey Kaeo, Chiang Mai
Malik, M. Y. ; Sheik, A. A. ; Shah, W. A., 1967. Chemical composition of indigenous fodder tree leaves. Pakistan J. Sci., 19 (4): 171-174
Munguti, J. M. ; Liti, D. M. ; Waidbacher, H. ; Straif, M. ; Zollitsch, W., 2006. Proximate composition of selected potential feedstuffs for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus) production in Kenya. Die Bodenkultur, 57 (3): 131-141
Munguti, J. M., 2007. Utilisation of locally available feedstuffs for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) production in small-scale cage culture in Kenya. Thesis, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
Naveen, Z. ; Prasad, J. R. ; Rao, Z. P., 2007. Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of some fruit wastes. Tamilnadu J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 3 (1): 1-3
Omole, A. J. ; Ayodeji, I. O. ; Raji, M. A., 2004. The potential of mango, plantain, cocoyam and pawpaw as diets for growing snails (Archachatina marginata). Livest. Res. Rural Dev., 16 (12)
Oyenuga, V. A., 1968. Nigeria's foods and foodstuffs. Ibadan, University Press
Peñaflorida, V., 1995. Growth and survival of juvenile tiger shrimp fed diet where fish meal is partially replaced with papaya (Carica papaya L.) or camote (Ipomea batatas Lam.) leaf meal. Israeli J. Aquacult. Bamidgeh, 47 (1): 25–33
Ramesh Babu, A. ; Srinisava Rao, D. ; Parthasarathy, M., 2003. In sacco dry matter and protein degradability of papaya (Carica papaya) pomace in buffaloes,. Buffalo Bulletin, 22 (1): 12-15
Taiwo, A. A. ; Adejuyigbe, A. D. ; Adebowale, E. A. ; Oshotan, J. S. ; David, O. O., 2005. Performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned rabbits fed forages supplemented with concentrate. Nigerian J. Anim. Prod., 32 (1-2): 74-78
Villegas, V. N., 1991. Carica papaya L.. Record from Proseabase.: Verheij, E.W.M. and Coronel, R.E. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant resources of South-East Asia) 1991

Datasheet citation

Heuzé V., Tran G., 2015. Papaya (Carica papaya) fruits, leaves and by-products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/522 Last updated on May 11, 2015, 14:33

English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ)

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Papaya (Carica papaya) fruits, leaves and by-products