Apple pomace and culled apples

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Apple processing yields apple juice, cider and apple pomace

Common names

Apple pomace [English]; marc de pommes [French]; bagaço de maça, polpa de maça [Portuguese]; pulpa de manzana, bagazo de manzana, pomasa, manzana de desecho [Spanish]; Apfelstrester, Trester von Apfeln [German]
Culled apples, fermented apples, dropped apples [English]; pommes de retrait, pommes fermentées, pommes au sol [French]; manzana de desecho [Spanish]; verworfene Äpfel [German]

Species

Malus domestica Borkh. [Rosaceae]

Related feed(s)

Description

Apple pomace (Malus domestica Borkh.) is the solid residue that remains after milling and pressing of apples for cider, apple juice or puree production (Givens et al., 1987; Kafilzadeh et al., 2008). Culled, dropped and damaged apples (broken, injured during plucking, unfit for packing) are available in plenty during the apple season and are sometimes used for feeding livestock (NDDB, 2012).

Apple pomace contains peel, flesh, stem, core, seeds and juice residues (Sudha et al., 2007; Crawshaw, 2004). A sample of apple pomace was reported to contain 54% pulp, 34% peel, 7% seeds, 4% seed core and 2% stem (Kolodziejczyk et al., 2007). Fresh apple pomace contains 15-30% DM and pressed pomace 30-40% DM. Fresh apple pomace is bulky with the density ranging between 400 and 1000 kg/m³ (Kennedy et al., 1999). Density and moisture content depend on processing methods and apple maturity. Apple pomace is a multipurpose product with many uses including fuel (ethanol production), direct burning, gasification, anaerobic digestion (methane generation), food (pomace jam, sauce, confectionery products such as pomace powder for toffees), pectin production, citric acid production, fibre extraction, and livestock feed (Shalini et al., 2010; Stapleton, 1983).

Apple pomace is a succulent fibrous feed that has been a traditional feed for all kinds of livestock for a long time (Leroy et al., 1955). Apple pomace is used fresh in the vicinity of apple processing plants. Because of its high moisture and high content in fermentable sugars, fresh apple pomace spoils readily and is often ensiled or dehydrated for longer preservation (Shalini et al., 2010; Crawshaw, 2004).

Distribution

Apples are the second fruit crop worldwide after bananas. In 2016, 82 million t were produced in the world: 70 million t were directly used for food, 5.8 million t were processed, 7 million t were wasted and 0.66 million t were used as feed. The main producers were China, the USA, Turkey, Iran and Poland (FAO, 2018). As apple pomace represents about 25% of apples processed for juice or cider, it can be estimated that 1.4 million t of fresh apple pomace were produced in 2016. In France, where apple production was about 1.8 million t in 2012, it is considered that a third of the production is processed into juice or cider, resulting in about 150 000 tons of pomace (FNPF, 2016). In Brittany, France, cider mills produce about 8700 t DM of apple pomace per year, as well as small quantities of culled apples (Roy et al., 2013). India produces 1 million t of apple pomace yearly, but only 10,000 tons are used as feed (Shalini et al., 2010).

Apple pomace can be found in every temperate area where apple trees are grown. Because it spoils easily, apple pomace is mainly used in the vicinity of apple juice or cider plants. Apple pomace is usually a seasonal product available after the harvest in autumn (Roy et al., 2013).

Processes

Fresh pomace

Fresh apple pomace spoils quickly. Even when it is intended to be fed fresh, it is recommended to exclude air by consolidating and sheeting (Hall, 2014).

Ensiling

Apple pomace can be preserved for long-term storage by ensiling as if it was grass. It is recommended to mix it with dry materials such as rice hulls or straw to absorb the leachates produced during fermentation and to limit effluent losses (Perry et al., 1995; Alibes et al., 1984). Air should be removed by compacting the silo using a tractor and then covering it with a clean and undamaged plastic sheet. When feeding starts, it is advisable to expose 2-3 days usage at a time to prevent air from getting under the sheet (Hall, 2014). Ensiling apple pomace may result in production of ethanol, which may cause health problems if animals are fed it over long periods (Crawshaw, 2004).

Drying

Fresh apple pomace contains large amounts of water. The first step of the drying process is to put the pomace on a slanted surface so that excess water can drain away. The pomace can then be pressed through a filter press and dried in thin layers by hot air circulation, or through sun-drying by spreading it on a concrete floor in a 5-7 cm thick layer exposed to the sun and turning 2-3 times a day till DM reaches 90%. In hot climates where temperatures reach 40-45°C, only 3 days are necessary for dehydration. Once dry, the apple pomace is ground in a mill (1-2 mm screen) and stored in polyethylene bags (Wadhwa et al., 2013).

Environmental impact

Disposal

Apple pomace is a waste product occasionally disposed of by dumping in fields or next to processing plants. It is rapidly biodegradable, with a high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Its high water and fermentable sugar contents result in quick spoilage causing pollution, and using apple pomace for feeding livestock is a way to alleviate this problem (Crawshaw, 2004). Alternative methods for disposing of apple pomace include composting, fuel production, and spraying it as mulch for landfilling or landspreading (Shalini et al., 2010; Linskens et al., 1999; Copas, 2004; Stapleton, 1983).

Soil improver and weed controller

Apple pomace is a valuable source of mulch or compost (Copas, 2004). Composting should be done in combination with a source of C in order to get an adequate C:N ratio for composting. In the UK, apple pomace was shown to be effective in suppressing weeds, and could be a valuable substrate for grass seed germination in difficult areas such as roadsides (Copas, 2004).

Nutritional aspects

Nutritional attributes

Apple pomace is an extremely variable product, probably due to large variations in the proportion of skins, pulp, core, seeds and juice in the by-product. The composition of apples themselves is variable and depends on the variety, maturity, season of harvest, etc. (Grigoras, 2012). Apple pomace is generally poor in protein (3-11% of DM) and rich in fibre and sugars. Crude fibre ranges from 18 to 50% of DM, NDF from 48 to 75% of DM, ADF from 36-67% of DM and lignin from 16-35% of DM. Sugar content is also variable: apple pomace is high in fructose (14 to 35% of DM). Saccharose and glucose contents are lower but also variable: 1-11% and 6-13% of DM, respectively (Gullon et al., 2007; Kennedy et al., 1999; Kolodziejczyk et al., 2007). It should be noted that the sugar contents reported by regular methods of feed analysis are usually low (about 6% of DM).

Potential constraints

Ethanol

Ethanol is the main fermentation end product in apple pomace silage, with reported ethanol content as high as 17% of DM. It had thus been recommended to limit the quantities of pomace fed to livestock, or to feed it for relatively short periods (Alibes et al., 1984). In a silage made of whole, crushed apples, the ethanol level reached 22-29% of DM, which may have been caused by yeast alcoholic fermentation. It was impossible to decrease the pH, and the silage could not reach a stable state: it was, therefore, recommended to add a dry and fibrous material such as straw up to 30% of the DM (Rodrigues et al., 2008).

Pesticide residue

Culled apples and apple pomace include the skin, which retains a substantial proportion of the residues of lipophilic pesticides (Amvrazi, 2012). Ingested pesticides can be stored in fat tissues (Rumsey et al., 1977) and in milk, although at low levels (Chase et al., 1987). Hundreds of pesticides are registered and in use for apple production all over the world (up to 799 in the USA) (Drogué et al., 2012), and pesticide residues have been reported in several recent studies (Lozowicka et al., 2015; Pogăcean et al., 2014; Likudis et al., 2014; Szpyrka et al., 2013; Jardim et al., 2012; Latif et al., 2011). Although in most cases the contents of residues were below the Maximum Residue Levels established by local regulation, some have been found beyond this threshold. Residues observed on fresh fruits may not be present at the same level after fruit processing, because fruits are washed and brushed before being pressed. If apple pomace is to be used in ruminant feeding it must be verified that the level of pesticide residue is low. According to the Codex Alimentarius, the Maximum Residue Levels in dry apple pomace are 0.3 mg/kg for Fenarimol, 40 mg/kg for Fenbutatin Oxide, 120 mg/kg for Permethrin and 80 mg/kg for Propargite (Codex Alimentarius, 2003).

Choking

Like other fruits, apples can be dangerous to cattle and sheep when swallowed whole, as they may lodge in the oesophagus, causing obstruction. Cattle grazing in apple orchards are at risk as they are fond of picking apples hanging from the lowest branches (Tran, personal communication).

Ruminants

Apple pomace and whole apples contain high amounts of sugars (mainly fructose and glucose) and are, therefore, a good source of rapidly digestible energy in the rumen (Gullon et al., 2007; Kolodziejczyk et al., 2007). Because of its low nitrogen content and intake level when fed alone, apple pomace (fresh, dried or ensiled) must be supplemented with a good protein source and fibrous material such as straw. It is not recommended to use it alone.

Palatability

Apple pomace and culled apples are palatable to ruminants (NRC, 1983; NDDB, 2012). Cattle grazing in apple orchards are fond of picking apples directly from the trees (Tran, personal communication).

Digestibility and degradability

The in vitro DM degradability of fresh apple pomace is high at around 75% (Edwards et al., 1995). In sacco DM degradability (DMD) of fresh apple pomace ranged from 77 to more than 90% after 24h incubation (Anrique et al., 2002; Kafilzadeh et al., 2008 ). After 42 or 48h incubation DMD ranged from 84 to more than 90% (Kafilzadeh et al., 2008; Anrique et al., 2002). Dried and ensiled apple pomace gave similar values with 67-73% after 24h and 82-84% after 42 or 48h (Singh et al., 1992; Anrique et al., 2002). The potential degradability of fresh apple pomace measured with the gas production method showed a rapid degradability with 86% within 24h and 98% after 48h incubation (Tagliapietra et al., 2015). All these measures confirm that apple pomace DM is rapidly degradable, which is explained by its high soluble fraction.

In vivo OM digestibility of apple pomace silage supplemented with nitrogen (soybean meal, alfalfa or urea) when measured on sheep ranged from 70 to 78% (Alibes et al., 1984), which is in agreement with the above in vitro values (Alibes et al., 1984). The in vivo DMD and OMD of dried apple pomace, measured in sheep with only urea as a supplement, was relatively high with 66.8% and 69.9%, respectively (Taasoli et al., 2008). Based on in vitro digestibility estimates, apple pomace could fully replace barley as an energy source in an alfalfa hay based diet (Khatooni et al., 2014).

Figure 1: DM degradability of fresh, ensiled or dried apple pomace measured with the in sacco method (adapted from Singh et al., 1992; Anrique et al., 2002; Kafilzadeh et al., 2008).

Dairy cows

Apple pomace (fresh or as silage) can be introduced at up to 30% in a dairy cow diet fed indoors or at pasture. It increases total DM intake, milk yield and milk composition (see Table 1 below) with no apparent adverse effects.

Beef cattle

Growing cattle

Apple pomace replaced half of maize grain in a diet for steers based on good ryegrass forage (Ribeiro et al., 2012). When offered to 175 kg calves as sole feed, supplemented with only minerals, dried or fresh apple pomace DM intake and digestibility were 1.21 and 1.98% of body weight and 43.8% and 57.8%, respectively (Singhal et al., 1991).

In India, ground and dried apples were incorporated as an energy source at up to 30% of the concentrate mixture of crossbred calves, thereby totally replacing the maize (NDDB, 2012).

Beef cows

Apple pomace silage used as fibrous feed during the gestation of beef cows should be supplemented with a protein supplement rather than with non-protein supplement, as the cows supplemented with non-protein supplements had calves that, although born alive, were lighter, weaker, and had skeletal abnormalities. Besides, calf mortality was increased (Fontenot et al., 1977).

When fresh apple pomace was included at increasing levels (5 to 20% on a DM basis) into a total mixed ration (TMR), prepared as silage and offered to beef cows, the DM and OM digestibility of the TMR tended to decrease from 53 to 51% and from 58 to 55.4%, respectively, with increasing levels of apple pomace (Fang et al., 2016).

Sheep

As observed with cows, fresh or dried apple pomace supplemented with urea did not meet the requirements for gestating ewes. Compared to a control diet, there were more stillbirths, birth weights were lower, lamb survival was poor and there were structural abnormalities. Supplementing apple pomace with a good protein source (soybean meal) and fibrous feed (straw or forage) improved or alleviated these negative effects (Rumsey et al., 1982). Dried or ensiled apple pomace included into a total mixed ration at 20 or 30% allowed a good daily weight gain in fattening lambs and a higher carcass dressing percentage (Taasoli et al., 2008). In sheep, diet DM intake tended to be higher when apple pomace was supplemented with a good quality nitrogen such as alfalfa (55.4 g/kg^0.75), rather than with urea (38.7 g/kg^0.75) (Alibes et al., 1984).

Table 1. Effects of apple pomace in ruminant diets

Animal	Breed/physiological stage	Country	Experiment	Rate of apple pomace	Main results	Reference
Dairy cows	Black Friesian (early lactation)	Chile	Increasing levels of AP in diet based on HS	0, 20 or 30%	The higher level of AP increased milk yield (25.4 vs. 23.3 L/d), milk fat (36 vs. 33 g/L) and protein (34 vs. 33 g/L) contents. Increasing levels of AP decreased HS intake but increased total forage intake from 8.2 to 11.2 kg DM/d.	Anrique et al., 2003
	Friesian-Jersey (490 kg, 196 days)	New Zealand	Pasture + HS or half HS replaced with AP with or without protein concentrate	limited (3-4 kg DM/d)	AP increased pasture intake (+0.65 kg DM), milk yield (14.4 vs. 12.1 kg), and milk protein and fat content.	Edwards et al., 1995
	Holstein (565 kg, 75 days)	Iran	AP silage included in a TMR	15 or 30% in TMR	No effect on diet DMI, milk yield and milk composition with 30% AP silage.	Ghoreishi et al., 2007
	Holstein (640 kg, early lactation)	Iran	Silage of AP (57%) and poultry litter (43%) on DM basis, included in a TMR at various levels	0, 15, 30 or 45% in TMR	DMI increased or tended to increase with 15 and 30% inclusion. Milk yield increased with 15% AP but not more with the higher levels.	Azizi et al., 2014
Beef cows	Angus, Herefords, Shorthorns (gestation)	USA	AP silage compared to CS with CSM or NPN supplement	ad libitum	AP vs. CS with NPN supplement gave lower DMI (12-15 vs. 18-19 kg DM/d), lower weight change (-16 to 2 vs. 14-37), and lower veal birth weight (12-16 kg vs. 28-33 kg).	Fontenot et al., 1977
Steers	Holstein fattening (219 kg)	Brazil	Steers fed ryegrass (16 CP) and supplemented at 0.5% BW with AP, corn grain or 50% AP and 50% CG	0.5% BW	AP supplementation did not modify forage DMI (2.2% BW) or DM digestibility of the diet (74%). DMI of AP fed as sole supplement was lower (0.27% BW) than when associated with CG (0.42% BW).	Ribeiro et al., 2012
Sheep	Sanjabi fattening lambs (38 kg)	Iran	Dried AP included into a TMR for finishing and growing lambs compared to control diet (alfalfa hay and barley grain)	20% in TMR	DMI was not different, but DWG was higher with AP (192 g/d) than with the control (124 g/d).	Taasoli et al., 2008
	Sanjabi fattening lambs (25 kg)	Iran	Ensiled AP (with 20% sugar beet pulp) included into a TMR and compared to control diet (alfalfa hay and barley grain)	30% in TMR	DMI and DWG were higher with ensiled AP diet than with the control with 0.94 kg DM/d and 0.80 kg DM/d, and 200 g/d and 156 g/d, respectively.	Taasoli et al., 2008

AP: apple pomace; CG: corn grain; CS: corn silage; CSM: cottonseed meal; HS: herbage silage; NPN: non-protein nitrogen

Pigs

Apple pomace

Early experiments found that apple pomace was a good feed for pigs. Growing and finishing pigs were fed 20% dried apple pomace in the diet without compromising growth performance, carcass characteristics and animal health (Bowden et al., 1959). Ensiled apple pomace was found to be palatable to pigs though it ranked last after concentrate feeds and ensiled cooked potatoes (Leroy et al., 1954). In a more recent experiment, feeding growing pigs with dried apple pomace (23% of the diet) reduced the protein content of the diet and thus decreased overall losses of N, but the crude protein intake was reduced by 33%, and protein digestibility was only 51% instead of 81% in the control diet (Yamamoto et al., 2002). Ensiled apple pomace included at 5% (diet DM) of growing pig diets had no effect on growth performance and improved the gain:feed ratio. It had negative effects on meat quality: it decreased water holding capacity, increased cooking loss and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are responsible for soft fat. The amount of apple pomace and the length of the feeding period should thus be considered when feeding pomace to pigs (Fang et al., 2016). Fermenting apple pomace using fungi improved crude protein content by 36%. The enriched apple pomace was included at 5% of growing pig diets and improved their feed conversion ratio (Ajila et al., 2015).

Apple pomace has been investigated as a source of beneficial proanthocyanidins and flavonoids. Feeding piglets a diet containing 3.5% (DM basis) apple pomace increased the number of colonic bacteria (Lactobacilli) and positively influenced the white blood cell mRNA, the gene expression marker of immunological genes (Sehm et al., 2011).

Culled apples

A fermented apple diet based on dropped apples, rice bran and barley bran was offered to finishing pigs at 2% of diet DM over five weeks without affecting feed intake, animal performance and carcass quality (Lee et al., 2009).

Poultry

Literature regarding the use of apple pomace as a feedstuff for poultry is scarce. Because of its low protein and high fibre and water contents, fresh apple pomace can only be used as an energy source for broilers. Apple pomace has been tested in mixture with wheat, fine bran, carobs and fat to replace maize and reduce feed costs in broiler diets (El Boushy et al., 2000). However, in 2001, it was shown that dried apple pomace coud be used to replace 10% of maize in broiler rations. Beyond this 10% level, apple pomace resulted in wet litter, and depressed feed efficiency mainly due to high fibre content. It was also shown that the addition of enzymes (α-amylase, hemicellulase, protease and β-glucanase) resulted in better animal performance when apple pomace was offered to broilers (Matoo et al., 2001).

Dried, ground damaged apples could replace 20% of maize in broiler rations without any harmful effect, and thus decrease feed cost (Matoo et al., 2001).

Fresh apple pomace from farm-produced apple juice and cider was observed to be palatable to ducks (Tran, personal communication, 2016).

Rabbits

In Europe, dried apple pomace is a common ingredient used in formulation of balanced rabbit feeds (Schurg et al., 1980; Fekete, 1985; Gippert et al., 1988; Carabaño et al., 1992). In commercial as in control diets, the incorporation level is generally comprised between 5% and 10% as a source of soluble fibre (Gómez-Conde et al., 2007; Pogány Simonová et al., 2009; Chrastinova et al., 2010). The incorporation level could be safely increased up to 30% if the diet contains enough low digestibility fibre (ADF, ADL) (Sawal et al., 1995; Alvarez et al., 2007; Abad-Guamán et al., 2015; Gidenne, 2015). It should be noted that the increase of dietary fibre content with apple pomace improves the n-6:n-3 ratio of muscular fatty acids of growing rabbits (Carrilho et al., 2009).

The incorporation level of dried apple pomace is limited by the very low content in both digestible protein (2-3%) and digestible energy (about 7 MJ/kg DM) (INRA, 1989). Some attention should also be paid to the very low content in phosphorus (0.12%), and particularly calcium (0.13%) (Waller, 2010). In rabbit feeding, dried apple pomace must be considered only as a safe source of soluble (digestible) fibre, and needs to be supplemented with other ingredients.

Horses and donkeys

Apple pomace is very palatable to horses. It is often offered as horse treats alone, or in mixture with oats (Worth, 2010). Apple slices are also often used in the preparation of horse treats.

Fish

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Apple pomace was used as a substrate for solid state fermentation and production of protein enriched feed for tilapia fry. The fry fed the experimental diet had 44% higher growth than those fed the control diet (Vendruscolo et al., 2009).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Apple pomace, dehydrated

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	91.2	1.3	87.8	94.7	224
Crude protein	% DM	8.0	2.3	3.6	11.4	119
Crude fibre	% DM	36.0	6.8	18.1	49.6	224
NDF	% DM	65.1	7.4	48.2	74.6	70
ADF	% DM	57.7	8.0	36.7	67.1	70
Lignin	% DM	26.8	3.3	16.2	35.0	172
Cell walls, water insoluble	% DM	72.8				1
Ether extract	% DM	2.8	0.9	1.2	4.7	50
Ash	% DM	2.1	1.0	0.8	5.0	67
Starch (polarimetry)	% DM	8.1	6.2	0.9	18.4	7
Total sugars	% DM	5.5	1.8	2.6	13.9	111
Fructose	% DM	14.5		14.5	14.5	2
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	19.4					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	0.6	0.2	0.2	1.1	25
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.4	0.3	1.0	2.0	27
Potassium	g/kg DM	1.9	0.7	1.2	3.4	18
Sodium	g/kg DM	2.7	5.3	0.1	15.0	20
Manganese	mg/kg DM	7		6	9	2
Zinc	mg/kg DM	4		3	5	2
Copper	mg/kg DM	5		5	5	2
Iron	mg/kg DM	72	19	60	100	4

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Arginine	% protein	2.7				1
Cystine	% protein	1.4				1
Glycine	% protein	3.0				1
Histidine	% protein	3.1				1
Isoleucine	% protein	3.7				1
Leucine	% protein	4.6				1
Lysine	% protein	4.9				1
Methionine	% protein	2.0				1
Phenylalanine	% protein	2.8				1
Threonine	% protein	3.1				1
Tyrosine	% protein	2.7				1
Valine	% protein	4.2				1

Secondary metabolites	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Tannins (eq. tannic acid)	g/kg DM	0.0				1

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	55.4					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	53.7					*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	10.4					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	8.5					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	50.0					*
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	43				1

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	27.2					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	5.3					*
MEn growing pig	MJ/kg DM	4.7					*
NE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	2.3					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	40.1					*

Rabbit nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
DE rabbit	MJ/kg DM	12.2				1
Nitrogen digestibility, rabbit	%	66.6				1
MEn rabbit	MJ/kg DM	11.9					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Chapoutot et al., 1990; Gippert et al., 1988; Hindrichsen et al., 2004; Narang et al., 1985; Wolter et al., 1980

Last updated on 14/09/2016 11:39:03

Apple pomace, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	20.8	4.0	13.9	28.6	19
Crude protein	% DM	6.8	2.6	4.4	16.0	19
Crude fibre	% DM	20.7	5.2	14.2	32.0	17
NDF	% DM	45.1	10.1	30.1	56.4	12
ADF	% DM	34.2	7.5	24.5	45.6	12
Lignin	% DM	15.7	5.4	6.4	23.2	11
Ether extract	% DM	4.2	1.7	2.3	7.0	12
Ash	% DM	2.5	0.7	1.7	4.5	17
Total sugars	% DM	6.2		6.2	6.3	2
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	19.0	1.1	19.0	21.8	5	*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	1.7	0.5	0.9	2.4	8
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.1	0.6	0.1	1.6	8
Potassium	g/kg DM	6.8	0.5	6.0	7.4	5
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.2	0.1	0.0	0.4	6
Magnesium	g/kg DM	0.7	0.2	0.4	1.0	6
Manganese	mg/kg DM	2				1
Zinc	mg/kg DM	2				1
Copper	mg/kg DM	2				1
Iron	mg/kg DM	67				1

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	69.8	14.6	49.0	86.8	11	*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	67.6	5.6	47.0	67.6	5	*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	12.8					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	10.7	1.2	7.5	10.7	5	*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	51.8	23.0	-24.0	51.8	6	*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	52.4					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	10.0					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	58.0					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Alibes et al., 1984; Alibes et al., 1990; Edwards et al., 1995; Gasa et al., 1989; Givens et al., 1987; Nikoloc et al., 1986; Sirhan et al., 1994; Tisserand et al., 1989

Last updated on 13/09/2016 01:13:33

Apples, whole, fresh

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	14.0	2.0	12.4	16.2	3
Crude protein	% DM	1.5	0.5	1.0	2.2	4
Crude fibre	% DM	5.5		5.2	5.7	2
NDF	% DM	10.5		10.0	10.9	2
ADF	% DM	7.4				1
Lignin	% DM	1.8				1
Ether extract	% DM	0.9		0.2	1.5	2
Ash	% DM	2.3	0.4	1.9	2.7	3
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.4					*

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Alanine	% protein	5.2				1
Arginine	% protein	3.9				1
Aspartic acid	% protein	16.4				1
Cystine	% protein	1.6				1
Glutamic acid	% protein	10.2				1
Glycine	% protein	4.2				1
Histidine	% protein	3.1				1
Isoleucine	% protein	3.6				1
Leucine	% protein	7.1				1
Lysine	% protein	7.7				1
Methionine	% protein	0.9				1
Phenylalanine	% protein	6.1				1
Proline	% protein	4.5				1
Serine	% protein	4.2				1
Threonine	% protein	3.4				1
Tryptophan	% protein	0.9				1
Tyrosine	% protein	4.2				1
Valine	% protein	7.2				1

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	84.2					*
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	80.2					*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	13.9					*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	11.9					*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	0.0					*
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	98				1

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	83.5					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	14.5					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	73.5					*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Sosulki et al., 1990; Tobias Marino et al., 2010

Last updated on 15/09/2016 15:01:07

References

Abad-Guamán, R.; Carabaño, R.; Gómez-Conde, M. S.; García, J., 2015. Effect of type of fibre, site of fermentation, and method of analysis on digestibility of soluble and insoluble fiber in rabbits. J. Anim. Sci., 93 (6): 2860-2871
Abdollahzadeh, F.; Pirmohammadi, R.; Farhoomand, P.; Fatehi, F.; Pazhoh, F. F., 2010. The effect of ensiled mixed tomato and apple pomace on Holstein dairy cow. Italian J. Anim. Sci., 9 (2): 212-216
Abdollazadeh, F.; Pirmohammadi, R.; Fatehi, F.; Bernousi, I., 2010. Effect of feeding ensiled mixed tomato and apple pomace on performance of Holstein dairy cows. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., 43 (1): 31-35
Ahn, J. H.; Jo, I. H.; Lee, J. S., 2002. The use of apple pomace in rice straw based diets of Korean native goats (Capra hircus). Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 15 (11): 1599-1605
Ajila, C. M.; Sarma, S. J.; Brar, S. K.; Godbout, S.; Cote, M.; Guay, F.; Verma, M.; Valéro, J. R., 2015. Fermented apple pomace as a feed additive to enhance growth performance of growing pigs and its effects on emissions. Agriculture, 5 (2): 313-329
Alibes, X. ; Muñoz, F. ; Rodriguez, J., 1984. Feeding value of apple pomace silage for sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 11 (3): 189-197
Alvarez, J. L. ; Marguenda, I. ; García-Rebollar, P. ; Carabaño, R. ; De Blas, C. ; Corujo, A. ; García-Ruiz, A. I., 2007. Effects of type and level of fibre on digestive physiology and performance in reproducing and growing rabbits. World Rabbit Science, 15: 9-17
Amvrazi, E. G., 2012. Fate of pesticide residues on raw agricultural crops after postharvest storage and food processing to edible portions. In: Pesticides - Formulations, effects, fate, Prof. Margarita Stoytcheva (Ed.)
Anrique, G. R.; Viveros, M. P., 2002. Effect of ensiling on chemical composition and rumen degradability of apple pomace. Arch. Med. Vet., 34 (2): 189-197
Anrique, G. R.; Dossow, C. C., 2003. Effects of apple pulp silage inclusion. Arch. Med. Vet., 35 (1): 13-22
Azizi, O.; Karimi, S.; Sadeghi, G.; Lashkari, S., 2014. Milk yield and composition, dry matter intake and blood parameters of Holstein cows fed ensiled apple pomace co-ensiled with broiler litter. Span. J. Agric. Res., 12 (2): 462-466
Bowden, D. M.; Berry, J. C., 1959. Effects of levels of dried apple pomace in swine rations on growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality and size of certain organs. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 39 (1): 26-33
Carabaño, R.; Fraga, M. J., 1992. The use of local feeds for rabbits. Options Méditerranéennes - Série Séminaires, 17: 141-158
Carrilho, M. C.; López, M.; Campo, M. M., 2009. Effect of the fattening diet on the development of the fatty acid profile in rabbits from weaning. Meat Sci., 83 (1): 88-95
Chase, L. E.; Eckerlin, R. H.; Ebel, J. G.; Maylin, G. A.; Gutenmann, W. H; Lisk, D. J., 1987. Residues of p,p'-DDE and dicofol in milk of dairy-cows fed commercially produced apple pomace. J. Food Safety, 8 (4): 245-253
Chrastinova, L. ; Chrenkova, M. ; Laukova, A. ; Polacikova, M. ; Simonova, M. ; Szabóova, R. ; Strompfova, V. ; Ondruska, L. ; Chlebec, I. ; Parkanyi, V. ; Rafay, J. ; Vasilkova, Z., 2010. Influence of selected phytoadditives and probiotics on zootechnical performance, caecal parameters and meat quality of rabbits. Archiva Zootechnica, 13 (2) : 30-35
Codex Alimentarius, 2003. Maximum residue limits for processed or ready-to-eat foods or feeds. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues, 35th Session, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 31 March - 5 April 2003
Copas, L., 2004. Apple pomace. NACM Technical Report Miscellaneous 2
Crawshaw, R., 2004. Co-product feeds: animal feeds from the food and drinks industries. Nothingham University Press
Drogué, S.; DeMaria, F., 2012. Pesticide residues and trade, the apple of discord?. Food policy, 37 (6):641-649
Edwards, N. J.; Parker, W. J., 1995. Apple pomace as a supplement to pasture for dairy cows in late lactation. Proc. N. Z. Soc. Anim. Prod., 55: 67-69
El Boushy, A. R. Y. ; van der Poel, A. F. B., 2000. Handbook of poultry feed from waste: processing and use. Springer-Verlag New York, 428 p.
Fang, J. C.; Cao, Y.; Matsuzaki, M.; Suzuki, H., 2016. Effects of apple pomace proportion levels on the fermentation quality of total mixed ration silage and its digestibility, preference and ruminal fermentation in beef cows. Anim. Sci. J., 87 (2): 217-223
FAO, 2016. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Fekete, S., 1985. Rabbit feeds and feeding, with special regard to tropical conditions. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 8: 167-173
Figuerola, F.; Hurtado, M. L.; Estevez, A. M.; Chiffelle, I.; Asenjo, F., 2005. Fibre concentrates from apple pomace and citrus peel as potential fibre sources for food enrichment. Food Chem., 91: 395-401
FNPF, 2016. Chiffres clés, principales productions : Pommes. Féd. Nat. Prod. Fruits, Paris, France
Fontenot, J. P.; Bovard, K. P.; Oltgen, R. R.; Rumsey, T. S.; Priode, B. M., 1977. Supplementation of apple pomace with nonprotein nitrogen for gestating beef cows. I. Feed intake and performance. J. Anim. Sci., 45 (3): 513-522.
Gasa, J.; Castrillo, C.; Guada, J. A.; Balcells J., 1992. Rumen digestion of ensiled apple pomace in sheep: effect of proportion in diet and source of nitrogen supplementation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 39 (3-4): 193-207
Ghoreishi, S. F.; Pirmohammadi, R.; Yansari, A. T., 2007. Effects of ensiled apple pomace on milk yield, milk composition and DM intake of Holstein dairy cows. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 6 (9): 1074-1078
Gidenne, T., 2015. Dietary fibres in the nutrition of the growing rabbit and recommendations to preserve digestive health: a review. Animal, 9 (2): 227-242
Gippert, T. ; Hullar, I. ; Szabo, S., 1988. Nutritive value of agricultural by-products in rabbit. In: Proc. of the 4th World Rabbit Congress, Budapest, 3: 154-162
Givens, D. I.; Barber, W. P., 1987. Nutritive value of apple pomace for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 16 (4): 311-315
Gómez-Conde, M. S. ; García, J. ; Chamorro, S. ; Eiras, P. ; Rebollar, P. G. ; Pérez de Rozas, A. ; Badiola, I. ; de Blas, C. ; Carabaño, R., 2007. Neutral detergent-soluble fiber improves gut barrier function in twenty-five-day-old weaned rabbits. J. Anim. Sci., 85 (12): 3313-3321
Grigoraş, C. G., 2012. Valorisation des fruits et des sous-produits de l’industrie de transformation des fruits par extraction des composés bioactifs. Thèse de Doctorat en Chimie Génie de l'environnement, Université d'Orléans et Université « Vasile Alecsandri » de Bacău. 247p
Gullón, B.; Falqué, E.; Alonso, J. L.; Parajó, J. C., 2007. Evaluation of apple pomace as a raw material for alternative applications in food industries. Food Technol. Biotechnol., 45 (4): 426–433
Haby, C., 2010. Etude environnementale dans les cidreries de Bretagne : plan d’action. Rapport d'Etude. Assoc. Cidricole Bretonne, Chambre Rég. Métiers Artisanat Bretagne, France
Hall, H., 2014. Apple pomace. KW Alternative Feeds
INRA, 1989. L'alimentation des animaux monogastriques : porc, lapin, volailles. INRA Paris (France), 2-85340-548-6
Jardim, A. N. O.; Caldas, E. D., 2012. Brazilian monitoring programs for pesticide residues in food – Results from 2001 to 2010. Food Control, 25 (2): 607-616
Kafilzadeh, F.; Tassoli, G.; Maleki, A., 2008. Kinetics of digestion and fermentation of apple pomace from juice and puree making. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 3 (10): 1143-1146
Kennedy, M.; List, D.; Lu, Y.; Foo, L. Y.; Newman, R. H.; Sims, I. M.; Bain, P. J. S.; Hamilton, B.; Fenton, G., 1999. Apple pomace and products derived from apple pomace: uses, composition and analysis. In: Linskens, H. F.; Jackson, J. F., Modern Methods of Plant Analysis. Vol. 20, Analysis of plant waste materials, 75-113
Khatooni, M. A.; Nobar, R. S. D.; Cheraghi, H., 2014. Evaluating possibility replacement of by-product of apple pomace with barley grain for ruminants by in vitro gas production technique. J. Anim. Sci. Adv., 4 (5): 839-844
Kołodziejczyk, K.; Markowski, J.; Kosmala, M.; Król, B.; Płocharski, W., 2007. Apple pomace as a potential source of nutraceutical products. Pol. J. Food Nutr. Sci. 57 (4 B): 291-295
Latif, Y.; Sherazi, S. T. H.; Bhanger, M. ILatif, Y.; Sherazi, S. T. H.; Bhanger, M. I., 2011. Monitoring of pesticide residues in commonly used fruits in Hyderabad region, Pakistan. Amerc. J. Anal. Chem., 2 (8A): 46-52
Lee, S. D.; Kim, H. Y.; Jung, H. J.; Ji, S. Y.; Chowdappa, R.; Ha, J. H.; Song, Y. M.; Park, J. C.; Moon, H. K.; Kim, I. C., 2009. The effect of fermented apple diet supplementation on the growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs. Anim. Sci. J., 80 (1): 79-84
Leroy, A. M.; Zelter, S. Z., 1954. Recherches sur l'efficacité alimentaire des marcs de pomme fermiers. 1. Etude de la variabilité de composition chimique et de valeur nutritive des marcs de pomme fermiers frais. Annales de zootechnie, INRA/EDP Sciences, 3 (1): 17-27
Leroy, A. M.; Zelter, S. Z, 1955. Recherches sur l’efficacite alimentaire des marcs de pomme fermiers (1). IV. - Effet de l’ingestion de doses croissantes d’ensilage de marcs sur le niveau des secrétions lactées et lipidiques de la vache. Ann. Zoot., INRA/EDP Sciences, 4 (1): 69- 91
Likudis, Z.; Costarelli, V.; Vitoratos, A.; Apostolopoulos, C., 2014. Pesticide residues in Greek apples with protected geographical indication or designation of origin. J. Pestic. Sci. 39 (1), 29–35
Linskens, H. F.; Jackson, J. F., 1999. Analysis of plant waste materials. Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 20
Lozowicka, B., 2015. Health risk for children and adults consuming apples with pesticide residue. Sci. total Environ., 502: 184-198
Matoo, F. A.; Beat, G. A.; Banday, M. T.; Ganaie, T. A. S., 2001. Performance of broilers fed on apple pomace diets supplemented with enzyme(s). Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 18 (4): 349-352
NDDB, 2012. Nutritive value of commonly available feeds and fodders in India. National Dairy Development Board, Animal Nutrition Group, Anand, India
NRC, 1983. Underutilized resources as animal feedstuffs. National Academies Press, Washington D. C.
Perry, T. W.; Cecava, M. J., 1995. Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition (second edition). Academic Press Limited, 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Pieszka, M. ; Gogol, P. ; Pietras, M. ; Pieszka, M., 2015. Valuable components of dried pomaces of chokeberry, black currant, strawberry, apple and carrot as a source of natural antioxidants and nutraceuticals in the animal diet. Ann. Anim. Sci., 15 (2): 475–4912
Pirmohammadia, R.; Rouzbehan, Y.; Rezayazdi, K.; Zahedifar, M., 2006. Chemical composition, digestibility and in situ degradability of dried and ensiled apple pomace and maize silage. Small Rum. Res. 66:150-155
Pogăcean, M. O.; Hlihor, R. M.; Gavrilescub, M., 2014. Monitoring pesticides degradation in apple fruits and potential effects of residues on human health. J. Environ. Eng. Landscape Manage., 22 (3): 171-182
Pogány Simonová, M.; Lauková, A.; Chrastinová, L.; Strompfová, V.; Faix, S.; Vasilková, Z.; Ondruška, L.; Jurcík, R.; Rafay, J., 2009. Enterococcus faecium CCM7420, bacteriocin PPBCCM7420 and their effect in the digestive tract of rabbits. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 54 (8): 376-386
Pousset, J., 2013. Utilisations possibles du marc de pommes. Biodoc n° 28, Nature et progrès, AGRECO, GRAB, France
Ribeiro, H. M. N.; de Oliveira, L. C. S.; Dias, K. M., 2012. Nutritional evaluation of apple pulp as energetically supplementation to cattle. Ciencia Rural, 42 (9): 1627-1633
Rodrigues, M. A. M.; Guedes, C. M.; Rodrigues, A. L.; Cone, J. W.; Van Gelder, A. H.; Ferreira, L. M. M.; Santos, A. S.; Sequeira, C. A., 2008. Evaluation of the nutritive value of apple pulp mixed with different amounts of wheat straw. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. 20 (1) Article #6
Roy, H.; Desnoux, T., 2013. Valorisation des coproduits d'industries agroalimentaires bretonnes. Rapport d'étude, Ch. Agr. Bretagne, Pôle Porcs
Rumsey, T. S.; Bovard, K. P.; Fontenot, J. P.; Oltjen, R. R.; Priode, B. M., 1977. Supplementation of apple pomace with nonprotein nitrogen for gestating beef cows. IV. Pesticide accumulation. J. Anim. Sci. 45 (3): 543-550
Rumsey, T. S.; Lindahi, I. L., 1982. Apple pomace and urea for gestating ewes. J. Anim. Sci., 54 (2): 221-234
Rust, S.; Buskirk, D., 2008. Feeding apples or apple pomace in cattle diets. Cattle Call, 13 (4)
Sawal, R. K.; Bhatia, D. R.; Bhasin, V., 1995. Incorporation of dried apple pomace in the diet of weaner rabbits. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 12 (3): 167-169
Schurg, W. A.; Reed, J. P.; Reid, B. L., 1980. Utilization of various fruit pomace products by growing rabbits. Nutr. Rep. Int., 21: 55-62
Sehm, J. ; Treutter, D. ; Lindermayer, H. ; Meyer, H. H. D. ; Pfaffl, M. W., 2011. The influence of apple- or red-grape pomace enriched piglet diet on blood parameters, bacterial colonisation, and marker gene expression in piglet white blood cells. Food Nutr. Sci., 2: 366-376
Shalini, R.; Gupta, D. K., 2010. Utilization of pomace from apple processing industries: a review. J. Food Sci. Technol., 47 (4): 365–371
Singh, B.; Narang, M. P., 1992. Studies on the rumen degradation kinetics and utilization of apple pomace. Bioresour. Technol., 39 (3): 233–240
Singhal, K. K.; Thakur, S. S.; Sharma, D. D., 1991. Nutritive value of dried and stored apple pomace and its further processing for improved utilization. Ind. J. Anim. Nutr., 8 (3): 213-216
Soliva, C. R.; Amelchanka, S. L.; Kreuzer, M., 2015. The requirements for rumen-degradable protein per unit of fermentable organic matter differ between fibrous feed sources. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6 art. N° 715
Stapleton, J., 1983. Feasibility of utilizing apple pomace. Technical report
Sudha, M. L., Baskaran, V.; Leelavathi, K., 2007. Apple pomace as a source of dietary fiber and polyphenols and its effect on the rheological characteristics and cake making. Food Chemistry, 104 (2): 686-692
Szpyrka, E.; Kurdziel, A.; Słowik-Borowiec, M.; Grzegorzak, M.; Matyaszek, A., 2013. Consumer exposure to pesticide residues in apples from the region of south-eastern Poland. Environ. Monit. Assess., 185 (11):8873–8878
Taasoli, G.; Kafilzadeh, F., 2008. Effects of dried and ensiled apple pomace from puree making on performance of finishing lambs. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 11 (2): 294-297
Tagliapietra, F.; Cattani, M.; Guadagnin, M.; Haddi, M. L.; Sulas, L.; Muresu, R.; Squartini, A.; Schiavon, S.; Bailoni, L., 2015. Associative effects of poor-quality forages combined with food industry byproducts determined in vitro with an automated gas-production system. Anim. Prod. Sci., 55 (9): 1117-1122
Vendruscolo, F.; Ribeiro, C. da S.; Esposito, E.; Ninow, J. L., 2009. Protein enrichment of apple pomace and use in feed for Nile tilapia. Appl. Biochem. Biotech., 152 (1): 74-87
Wadhwa, M. ; Bakshi, M. P. S. ; Makkar, H. P. S., 2013. Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products. FAO
Waller, J. C., 2010. Byproducts & unusual feedstuffs. Feedstuffs, September 2015: 18-23
Wolter, R. ; Durix, A. ; Letourneau, J. C. ; Carcelen, M., 1980. Evaluation chez le poney de la digestibilité des pellicules de soja, du marc de pommes, des caroubes et du tourteau de pépins de raisins. Ann. Zootech., 29: 377-385
Worth, M., 2010. The horse nutrition handbook. Storey Publishing, 256 pp.
Yamamoto, A.; Umemoto, E.; Itoh, M.; Matsui, M.; Fujimura, N.; Furuya, S., 2002. Reduction of ammonia emission from growing pig rooms by feeding a lower protein diet supplemented with apple pomace. Anim. Sci. J., 73 (6): 505-508

Datasheet citation

Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Lebas F., 2020. Apple pomace and culled apples. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/20703 Last updated on June 8, 2020, 14:32

English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ)

Image credits

Sponsored by

Automatic translation

Feed categories

Scientific names

Tools

Resources

Apple pomace and culled apples