Soybean hulls

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Common names

Soybean mill feed, soybean mill run, soybean hulls [English]; coques de soja [French]; casca de soja [Portuguese]

Species

Glycine max (L.) Merr. [Fabaceae]

Synonyms

Dolichos soja L., Glycine gracilis Skvortsov, Glycine hispida (Moench) Maxim., Glycine hispida var. brunnea Skvortsov, Glycine hispida var. lutea Skvortsov, Glycine soja (L.) Merr., Phaseolus max L., Soja hispida Moench, Soja max (L.) Piper

Related feed(s)

Description

Soybean hulls are a by-product of the extraction of oil from soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). After entering the oil mill, soybeans are screened to remove broken and damaged beans, and foreign material (Extension, 2008). The beans are then cracked, and their hulls, which mainly consist of the outer coats, are removed (see figure above). Hulls are fibrous materials with no place in human food, but are very valuable for ruminants (Ipharraguerre et al., 2003). Soybean hulls are often reintroduced in the final oil meal in order to reduce its protein content, resulting in soybean meal types with a maximum protein + fat guarantee of 44 to 48%. However, this end use decreases when the demand for high protein soybean meal increases. Soybean hulls are thus available and very valuable feeds for on-farm feeding of cattle (Extension, 2008).

Soybean hulls are light, flaky, and bulky. They require special consideration when handling: closed feeders are necessary when soybean hulls are fed outside, since the wind tends to blow the hulls away. During transportation, closed and covered trailers are also required (Extension, 2008). Pelleting hulls is a way to reduce bulkiness and reduce transportation costs, even though many manufacturers prefer unpelleted hulls to prepare compound feed (Blasi et al., 2000).

Distribution

Soybean hulls are available wherever soybeans are produced. It is estimated that soybean hulls represent about 5% of soybean weight (Blasi et al., 2000). According to world production of soybean, which was 308 million tons in 2014, it can be estimated that the production of soybean hulls was about 15 million tons in that year (FAO, 2016). Only a part of the total production is used directly as feed, since hulls are reincorporated in soybean meal to comply with the intended protein content (Extension, 2008).

Processes

Sieving, heating and pelleting

Soybean hulls have to be heat-treated and milled to reduce their bulkiness and lower their urease activity (Extension, 2008). After cracking of soybeans, the hulls first pass through a sieve which separates fines and meats from the true hulls. The hulls are then toasted in order to destroy the urease enzyme (see Potential constraints on the "Nutritional aspects" tab) (Blasi et al., 2000). After heat treatment soybean hulls are referred to as soybean mill run, soybean flakes, or soybran flakes (Boyles, 1999). Since soybean hulls have a very low density, they can be milled and pelleted to lower bulkiness. However, many feed manufacturers prefer using unpelleted soybean hulls to make their own pellet mixtures (Blasi et al., 2000).

Nutritional aspects

Nutritional attributes

The nutritional value of soybean hulls is quite good but also highly variable (Extension, 2008; Blasi et al., 2000). The variability of soybean hulls is mainly due to the misclassification between well-cleaned soybean hulls and soybean mill feed or soybean mill run, two by-products that still contain particles of seed kernels, and are thus higher in protein and lower in fibre (Blasi et al., 2000). As a result, products marketed as "soybean hulls" can have a relatively high protein content (9-18% DM), and be highly digestible (Blasi et al., 2000; Extension, 2008). The fibre in soybean hulls is rapidly fermented and may contain substantial amounts of pectin. Soybean hulls have a high NDF (52-74% of DM), but because of their small particle size, the effective NDF is much lower (Boyles, 1999). Soybean hulls are sometimes considered an energy feed rather than a roughage (Extension, 2008).

Potential constraints

Antinutritional factors

Soybean seeds contain antinutritional factors, notably trypsin inhibitors, hemagglutinins, lectins and saponins (Rackis et al., 1986). Soybean hulls, as part of the seed, also contain antinutritional factors:

Trypsin inhibitors: raw soybeans and soybean hulls contain trypsin inhibitors that bind with trypsin in the small intestine, and form an inactive complex that prevents trypsin from degrading feed proteins (van Eys et al., 2004). Trypsin inhibitors also induce pancreatic enlargement, increase trypsin secretion and, therefore, lower N retention, growth and feed conversion (van Eys et al., 2004; Rackis et al., 1986). Due to these antinutritional factors, raw soybean hulls are not recommended for feeding. Ruminants are not as sensitive as other livestock species because trypsin inhibitors are deactivated and degraded in the rumen (Hoffmann et al., 2003). However, trypsin inhibitors are heat labile and largely destroyed by it (Rackis et al., 1986), so heat treatment is required before feeding soybean products to animals, particularly to monogastrics.
Lectins are also heat-labile. They are found in soybean seeds, but no information could be found about their presence in soybean hulls.
Saponins are glycosides that reduce the uptake of other nutrients.
Tannin content of soybean hulls is higher than that of whole soybeans (2.31 vs. 1.52 mg catechin equivalent/g) (Egounlety et al., 2003).
Others antinutritional factors: soybean may contain antivitamins, urease and plant sterols that may interfere with the absorption of carotenoids and vitamin E (Brown et al., 2008).

Urease activity

Like soybean seeds, soybean hulls may contain the urease enzyme. If soybean hulls are fed in association with feeds containing urea, urease may cause the rapid breakdown of urea into ammonia, which accumulates in the rumen. Rumen microflora may be unable to handle large amounts of NH₃, which are carried by the systemic circulation and may cause sudden death in cases of acute toxicity (Newkirk, 2010; Decker, 1996). In other cases, it may lead to excessive NH₃ excretion into the environment, and poor N utilization (Kertz, 2010). When soybean hulls are mixed with other feeds, urease is generally destroyed (Extension, 2008).

Risk of choking

When hungry animals eat soybean hulls too quickly, there is some risk of choking. However, when this occurs animals mostly relieve the obstruction without help. A way of limiting the risk of choking is to mix soybean hulls with other feed, top-dress with other feeds, or feed the soybean hulls after other elements of the diet (Schoenian, 2015).

Copper toxicity

The copper content of soybean hulls is about 17 ppm. In sheep, it is thus likely to raise the copper content of the ration above the maximum tolerable level (15 ppm) that sheep can tolerate when they are offered diets containing “normal” levels of molybdenum and sulphur. Where the risk of copper toxicity occurs, it may be advised to provide sufficient molybdenum in the diet to prevent problems (Schoenian, 2015).

Mycotoxins

When the weather is both warm and humid at the time of soybean harvest, fungi development may result in the production of mycotoxins. Among them, zearalenone in particular is concentrated in the hulls (Jacobsen et al., 1995; Valenta et al., 2002).

Genetically-modified soybeans

The potential health issues of genetically-modified soybeans and other GM foods is a matter of considerable debate. While most studies have failed to show deleterious side-effects to the use of GM soybean (EFSA GMO Panel, 2008), these varieties remain controversial and subject to legal authorisation in some countries.

Ruminants

Soybean hulls have a high nutritive value for ruminants, and they are a highly digestible fibre source: supplementing diets with soybean hulls increases rumen microflora flow and rumen fibre digestion. However, soybean hulls do not provide as effective fibre (large particle size) as roughages, and this should be taken into account when replacing forages with soybean hulls (Boggs et al., 1997). Soybean hulls may be used as an energy source to supplement low to medium quality forage based diets, and they can also be used to replace part of the concentrate in the ration. In the USA, soybean hulls are often used to replace hay or maize in cattle diets during winter (Boyles, 1999).

Dairy cows

Lactating dairy cows

Soybean hulls are a highly digestible fibre source that is readily consumed by dairy cows. However, soybean hulls do not provide long fibre and are not as effective as roughages. Several experiments have attempted to define the optimal levels for soybean hulls in different diets (Blasi et al., 2000). Milk production of lactating dairy cows is very variable when soybean hulls are included in the diet (Bateman et al., 2000; Blasi et al., 2000). There are two ways to include soybean hulls in dairy cow diets: they can be used to replace part of the forage, or they can be used as an energy source and replace part of the concentrates.

When soybean hulls replaced part of the roughage in dairy cow diets, they provided higher energy without causing acidosis that usually occurs with high energy feeds such as maize grain (Blasi et al., 2000). However, depending on the amount, type and physical form of the dietary forage it replaces, the influence of soybean hulls may be positive or negative.

Table 1. Effects of forage replacement by soybean hulls in dairy cow diets

Control diet (% DM)	Soybean hulls level (% DM)	DM intake variation (kg/day)	Fat-corrected milk variation (kg/day)	FCM/DMI	Reference
43.2% forage (alfalfa hay + maize silage)	4.6	0.4	-0.2	1.16	Sarwar et al., 1992
43.2% forage (alfalfa hay + maize silage)	9.1	0	1	1.23	Sarwar et al., 1992
50% forage	12.5	-0.6	-0.6	1.4	Cunningham et al., 1993
50% forage	25	-1.8	-1.8	1.5	Cunningham et al., 1993
52.6% forage (alfalfa haylage + maize silage)	14.1		4		Stone et al., 1993 cited by Blasi et al., 2000
50% forage (alfalfa haylage + maize silage)	15	-0.66	-2		Weidner et al., 1994a
50% forage (alfalfa haylage + maize silage)	15	-0.84	-5.5		Weidner et al., 1994a
50% forage (alfalfa haylage + maize silage)	25	0.02	-2.4		Weidner et al., 1994a
50% forage (alfalfa haylage + maize silage)	25	2.65	1.6		Weidner et al., 1994a

From the results above, it could be concluded that in diets for dairy cows containing more than 50% forage the inclusion of soybean hulls could range between 15 and 25% (of the diet DM) and result in higher DM intake and an increased yield of fat-corrected milk (Blasi et al., 2000). It is generally advised to limit soybean hulls to 25% when they are replacing forages in a diet (Ipharraguerre et al., 2003). Cows in very early lactation (less than 30 days in milk) should probably not be fed soybean hulls since they are prone to displaced abomasum when effective fibre is low (Newkirk, 2010).

When soybean hulls were used to replace energy feed like maize grain, they were safely included in dairy cow diets at up to 40% dietary level without compromising milk yield, fat-corrected milk yield, milk protein or milk lactose. But as for the replacement of forages, caution should be exercised because the response to feeding soybean hulls is largely affected by the type of carbohydrates that is replaced by the hulls (Ipharraguerre et al., 2003). Milk fat increased linearly with increasing amounts of soybean hulls in the diet (Lima et al., 2009; Pedroso et al., 2007; Cunningham et al., 1993).

Table 2. Effects of concentrate replacement by soybean hulls in dairy cow diets

Control diet (% DM)	Soybean hulls level (% DM)	DM intake variation (kg/day)	Fat-corrected milk variation (kg/day)	FCM/DMI	Reference
54% concentrate	7	0.5	1.3	1.21	Sarwar et al., 1992
54% concentrate	12.6	1	3	1.26	Sarwar et al., 1992
50% concentrate	12.5	-1.4	-2.1	1.4	Cunningham et al., 1993
50% concentrate	25	-0.9	-1.6	1.4	Cunningham et al., 1993

Dry and gestating cows

Soybean hulls allowed cows to spend winter on stockpiled tall fescue without too much expenditure on hay (281 kg hay were spared per cow). Weight loss in cows was also reduced (Kerley et al., 1995). Gestating cows grazing on dormant native range were fed on soybean hulls rather than on soybean meal. The cows fed soybean hulls had higher weight gains than those fed soybean meal (Marston et al., 1992).

Beef cattle

Growing cattle

Soybean hulls enhance the performance of backgrounded calves placed on grass pastures or grass/clover hay (Boyles, 1999; Allison et al., 1993). Using soybean hulls as a supplement (instead of maize grain) to steers fed on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) (or any other forage of low to moderate quality) gave similar positive results as a maize supplement (about 1 kg daily weight gain) (Boyles, 1999). Many studies confirm this result (Galloway et al., 1993; Duff et al., 1993; Anderson et al., 1988; Highfill et al., 1987; Brown et al., 1981). It has been reported that feeding soybean hulls to steers grazing on tall fescue infested by Neotyphodium coenophialum can alleviate health problems due to toxic tall fescue, such as sleek hair coat (Carter et al., 2010). However, these results were not consistent with previous results obtained earlier (Aiken et al., 2008). Holstein steers fed on Bahia grass hay (Paspalum notatum) were supplemented with soybean hulls (0.75% BW) or soybean hulls and molasses, or soybean hulls, molasses and urea. Cattle receiving soybean hulls had higher daily gains. They also had higher urea nitrogen in their blood plasma, which was reduced by the addition of molasses. Hay intake was not reduced by soybean hulls supplementation (Kostenbauder et al., 2007). Fall-weaned steer calves grazing on higher quality forage, such as wheat forage, gave similar responses with soybean hulls as with maize grain. The feed conversion ratio was improved, the stocking rate on pasture increased by 30%, and daily weight gains were 150 g higher (Cravey et al., 1993).

It was shown that supplementing cattle with only 1 kg soybean hulls had the same positive effect on hay intake as supplementing cattle with maize grain, in spite of the difference between the two feeds for true digestible nutrients (91% in maize vs. 77% in soybean hulls). This could be attributed to the high digestibility of the fibre in soybean hulls (Blasi et al., 2000). It is important to notice that the high fermentability of soybean hulls may result in some rumen distension if cattle consume large quantities of the hulls (Blasi et al., 2000). When soybean hulls were used as the main ingredient in a diet for growing cattle, it compared favourably with a traditional roughage-based diet, resulting in lower feed intake, slightly lower daily gains and an improved feed conversion ratio. When soybean hulls were compared to high-energy based diets fed at a fixed rate (1.5% BW vs. 2.25%), they resulted in higher intake, higher weight gains and better feed conversion ratios (Blasi et al., 2000).

Soybean hulls successfully replaced maize grain in creep calf diets (Faulkner et al., 1994).

Finishing cattle

It was possible to use soybean hulls in high-concentrate diets for finishing cattle. Soybean hulls replaced 25% of grain sorghum without changes in daily gain or feed efficiency (Coffey et al., 1989). It was suggested that soybean hulls had 74% of the feeding value of maize grain when it was included at up to 60% (DM basis) in the diet (Ludden et al., 1995).

Sheep

Dairy ewes

Lactating ewes fed on soybean hulls and distillers grains, completely replacing hay in the diet, had a higher milk production than ewes fed a hay-based diet, but milk fat percentage was lower. Lamb performance was higher for the ewes that produced more milk (Zelinsky et al., 2014b). When soybean hulls were included in order to replace 33, 67, and 100% of the NDF of the hay in lactating ewe diets, feed intake and milk production increased (Araujo et al., 2008).

Growing lambs

Soybean hulls were used as an energy and fibre source in lamb finishing diets. Lambs had a higher dry matter intake, but also a reduced feed efficiency, compared to traditional corn-based diets (Zelinsky et al., 2014a).

Goats

In lactating goats, as in lactating cows, soybean hulls are an energy source that can replace maize grain. They totally replaced maize grain in maize silage-soybean based diets offered to lactating goats in early lactation (Zambom et al., 2012). Inclusion of soybean hulls had no negative effects on body weight, daily weight gain, and intake (kg/day) of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein or indigestible NDF. They increased NDF intake and digestibility coefficients and, while no changes were observed in milk yield, milk production efficiency and milk composition, the inclusion of soybean hulls increased the content of n-3 fatty acids in milk (Zambom et al., 2012).

Pigs

Because of their high fibre content, soybean hulls have not been included routinely in pig diets (Lewis et al., 2001). Including soybean hulls in pig diets was reported to decrease the DM, N and amino acid digestibilities of soybean meal-based diets for growing pigs (Dilger et al., 2004). A decrease of 0.2% in the true digestibility in the ileum of some essential amino acids was caused by each 1% increase in soybean hull inclusion (Dilger et al., 2004). However, other experiments have shown that soybean hulls could be used as an alternative feed for pig diets (Chee et al., 2005; DeCamp et al., 2001).

Piglets

Soybean hulls are not recommended for piglets. They were shown to reduce daily feed intake and weight gain in animals fed on diets containing 15% soybean hulls compared to the control diet without soybean hulls (Moreira et al., 2009).

Growing pigs

Soybean hulls were included at 10% in growing pig diets and at 12% in fattening pig diets without hindering palatability or animal performance. They replaced wheat bran without any problem (Chee et al., 2005). It has been reported that feeding 10% soybean hulls to fattening gilts or barrows (above 85 kg) had positive effects on growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and carcass characteristics (DeCamp et al., 2001). Growing pigs fed a supplement of soybean hulls up to 15% of the diet did not experience any depression in average daily gain or feed intake, although metabolizable energy intake was decreased linearly as the level of soybean hulls increased. In this experiment the most efficient conversion ratio was observed in pigs receiving diets containing 15% soybean hulls (Kornegay, 1981).

Sows

In Thailand, it was shown that the inclusion of 20% soybean hulls to replace rice bran in sow diets had no adverse effect on the reproductive performance. Litter size at weaning, and feed intake during lactation were increased (Kanto et al., 2009). The use of soybean hulls at up to 19% in sow diets was reported to reduce aggression in pregnant sows housed in groups, and to increase their intake to satiety when limit-fed, thus improving their overall welfare (Sapkota et al., 2016).

Poultry

Because of their high fibre content, soybean hulls are not commonly included in poultry diets. However, successful inclusion of soybean mill feed in poultry rations has been reported (Muir et al., 1985 cited by Newkirk, 2010). In laying hens, up to 20% soybean hulls (with a high level of N) resulted in an improved feed cost per dozen eggs. Under cellulolytic enzyme supplementation this level was increased up to 30% without hampering the performance of laying hens (Esonu et al., 2010).

Rabbits

Soybean hulls are a common source of fibre in rabbit feeding in Western Europe (Villamide et al., 2010). The inclusion rate is generally between 5 and 10% for commercial diets (Gidenne et al., 2000; de Blas et al., 2010). Satisfactory results have been obtained in studies on soybean hulls utilization for rabbit feeding in other countries such as Nigeria (Orji, 2009), Egypt and Mexico (Safwat et al., 2014), Brazil (Arruda et al., 2002; Arruda et al., 2003), and Romania (Martina, 1983).

In experimental studies, it was possible to increase safely the inclusion rate up to 25-30%, and in some trials as high as 40% (Arruda et al., 2002; Gutiérrez et al., 2000; Nicodemus et al., 1998). However, when including soybean hulls above 25-30% in diets for growing or reproducing rabbits, special attention must be paid to the lignin content of the complete diet, because of their low content of lignin (de Blas et al., 1999), and their relatively high fibre digestibility (Garcia et al., 1997; Gidenne et al., 2000). The ADF digestibility of soybean hulls is close to that of alfalfa (Evans et al., 1983), but the proportion of the more digestible hemicellulose and the digestible soluble fraction is higher. As a consequence of the proportions and digestibility of the various fibrous fractions in soybean hulls, the digestible energy content is about 7.5 to 8.0 MJ/kg DM, i.e. a little bit lower than that of dehydrated alfalfa (Maertens et al., 1984; Maertens et al., 2002; Garcia et al., 1997; Perez et al., 1998).

In addition to fibre and energy, soybean hulls provide protein with a concentration close to the minimum recommended for growing rabbits (Lebas, 2013), with a digestibility coefficient (65%) similar to that of alfalfa (Villamide et al., 2013). Soybean hull protein is relatively rich in lysine but deficient in sulphur-containing amino acids: 126% and 78%, respectively, of the recommendations for balanced proteins used in rabbit nutrition (Lebas, 2013). Soybean hulls provide less than 50% of the calcium and phosphorus necessary for rabbits (Lebas, 2013).

Mycotoxin risk

Attention should be paid to zearalenone, which may be concentrated in soybean hulls, in case of fungal contamination, and should not exceed 0.50 mg/kg in the final complete feed (Mézes et al., 2009). A mild contamination (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) could have an apparent favourable action on the performance of growing rabbits, but it is clearly toxic for adult rabbits with lesions being seen in most organs, e.g. liver, kidneys, lung, heart, spleen or uterus (Abdelhamid et al., 1992).

Horses and donkeys

Diets with up to 28% soybean hulls in the concentrate can be used as equine feed without negatively affecting digestibility, short-chain fatty acids concentrations or selected microbiota, as well as physicochemical characteristics in the faeces (Kabe et al., 2016).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Soybean hulls

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Soybean hulls

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	89.1	1.0	86.4	92.2	821
Crude protein	% DM	13.1	1.8	9.5	18.6	777
Crude fibre	% DM	38.9	2.6	31.2	45.3	799
NDF	% DM	64.4	5.1	51.6	74.0	167
ADF	% DM	46.2	3.4	36.9	54.8	154
Lignin	% DM	2.3	0.8	0.7	4.4	187
Ether extract	% DM	2.2	0.9	0.6	5.0	472
Ash	% DM	5.2	0.3	4.4	6.1	461
Starch (polarimetry)	% DM	5.2	3.5	0.0	9.8	15
Total sugars	% DM	1.6	1.3	0.3	4.0	7
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	18.2	0.3	17.5	18.7	11	*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	5.5	1.1	2.2	9.1	116
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.6	0.6	0.4	3.6	136
Potassium	g/kg DM	13.8	1.8	10.2	17.6	20
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.2	24
Magnesium	g/kg DM	2.6	0.3	1.8	2.9	17
Manganese	mg/kg DM	24	10	9	43	16
Zinc	mg/kg DM	48	17	15	90	16
Copper	mg/kg DM	8	3	3	15	17
Iron	mg/kg DM	669	326	145	1401	18

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Alanine	% protein	4.2	0.2	3.7	4.5	16
Arginine	% protein	4.7	0.4	4.2	6.0	18
Aspartic acid	% protein	9.2	0.6	8.5	10.2	5
Cystine	% protein	1.8	0.2	1.5	2.1	18
Glutamic acid	% protein	10.1	0.9	9.3	12.6	14
Glycine	% protein	7.9	1.0	5.8	9.1	18
Histidine	% protein	2.5	0.2	2.1	2.8	18
Isoleucine	% protein	3.4	0.2	3.1	4.0	18
Leucine	% protein	6.0	0.2	5.5	6.6	18
Lysine	% protein	6.3	0.4	5.5	7.0	18
Methionine	% protein	1.1	0.2	0.7	1.5	18
Phenylalanine	% protein	3.6	0.2	3.3	4.0	18
Proline	% protein	4.7	0.2	4.3	4.9	15
Serine	% protein	5.0	0.4	4.2	5.6	17
Threonine	% protein	3.5	0.1	3.3	3.7	18
Tryptophan	% protein	0.8	0.2	0.6	1.2	16
Tyrosine	% protein	3.8	0.1	3.6	4.1	13
Valine	% protein	4.3	0.3	3.9	4.6	5

Secondary metabolites	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Tannins (eq. tannic acid)	g/kg DM	2.6				1

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, ruminants	%	81.8	6.3	69.7	86.7	5	*
OM digestibility, ruminants (gas production)	%	42				1
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	79.6	5.4	75.6	87.3	4	*
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	14.5	1.2	13.3	15.5	3	*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	11.5					*
ME ruminants (gas production)	MJ/kg DM	6.2				1
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	78.4	9.1	46.4	78.4	5	*
a (N)	%	30.3		26.4	34.3	2
b (N)	%	66.5		65.7	67.3	2
c (N)	h-1	0.043		0.023	0.063	2
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%)	%	65					*
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	58	5	48	61	5	*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	50.5	9.6	47.5	64.8	3	*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	9.2	1.6	8.6	11.4	3	*
MEn growing pig	MJ/kg DM	8.6					*
NE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	4.6					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	40.4		32.0	40.4	2	*

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

ADAS, 1991; AFZ, 2011; Anderson et al., 1988; Andrade et al., 2015; Arosemena et al., 1995; Ashes et al., 1978; Aufrère et al., 1988; Aufrère et al., 1991; Batajoo et al., 1998; Beckman et al., 2005; Belyea et al., 1989; Bhatti et al., 1995; Champ et al., 1989; Chapoutot et al., 1990; Chumpawadee et al., 2007; Cunningham et al., 1993; De Boever et al., 1988; De Boever et al., 1994; DePeters et al., 2000; Devendra et al., 1970; Ezequiel et al., 2006; Garcia et al., 2000; Garleb et al., 1988; Gowda et al., 2004; Haddad et al., 2000; Hadorn, 1994; Hindrichsen et al., 2004; Hsu et al., 1987; Kornegay, 1978; Kornegay, 1981; Laplace et al., 1989; Marcondes et al., 2009; Masoero et al., 1994; Michalet-Doreau et al., 1980; Nakamura et al., 1989; Noblet, 2001; Oliveira et al., 2007; Pereira et al., 1999; Perez et al., 1984; Petit, 1992; Stallcup, 1970; Stanogias et al., 1994; Sunvold et al., 1995; Swanek et al., 2001; Wenk et al., 1990; Woods et al., 1999

Last updated on 24/09/2016 11:17:29

References

Abdelhamid, A. M.; Kelada, I. P.; Ali, M. M.; El-Ayouty, S. A., 1992. Influence of zearalenone on some metabolic, physiological and pathological aspects of female rabbits at two different ages. Arch. Tierernährung, 42 (1): 63-42
Aiken, G. E.; McClanahan, L. K.; Schrick, F. N., 2008. Steer responses to feeding soybeans hulls on toxic tall fescue pasture. The Prof. Anim. Sci., 24 (5): 399-403
Allison, B. C.; Poore, M. H., 1993. Feeding value of byproducts in hay-based diets for growing steers: Winter stocker demonstration 1991-92. North Carolina Anim. Sci. Rep., 245: 58
Anderson, S. J.; Merrill, J. K.; Klopfenstein, T. J., 1988. Soybean hulls as an energy supplement for the grazing ruminant. J. Anim. Sci., 66 (11): 2959-2964
Araujo, R. C. ; Pires A. V. ; Susin I. ; Mendes, C. Q. ; Rodrigues, G.H. ; Packer, I. U. ; Eastridge, M. L., 2008. Milk yield, milk composition, eating behavior, and lamb performance of ewes fed diet containing soybean hulls replacing coastcross (Cynodon species) hay. J. Anim. Sci., 86 (12): 3511-3521
Arosemena, A.; DePeters, E. J.; Fadel, J. G., 1995. Extent of variability in nutrient composition within selected by-product feedstuffs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 54: 103-120
Arruda, A. M. V.; Lopes, D. C.; Ferreira, W. M.; Rostagno, H. S.; de Queiroz, A. C.; Pereira, E. S.; Teixeira Albino, L. F.; da Silva, J. F., 2002. Nutrients apparent digestibility in diets with different starch levels and fiber source for growing rabbits. Rev. Bras. Zoot., 31 (3): 1166-1175
Arruda, A. M. V. de ; Lopes, D. C. ; Ferreira, W. M. ; Rostagno, H. S. ; Queiroz, A. C. de ; Pereira, E. S. ; Ferreira, A. S. ; da Silva, J. F., 2003. Performance and carcass characteristics of rabbits fed diets with different starch levels and fiber sources. Rev. Bras. Zoot., 32 (6): 1311-1320
Bateman, H. G.; Clark, J. H., 2000. Soybean based feeds for dairy cows. Illinois Livestock Trail, The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
Blasi, D. A.; Drouillard, J.; Titgemeyer, E. C.; Paisley, S. I.; Brouk, M. J. , 2000. Soybean hulls, composition and feeding value for beef and dairy cattle. Kansas State University, January 2000
Boggs, D.; Cassel, K.; Held, J.; Thaler, B., 1997. Utilizing soyhulls in livestock and dairy rations. Extension Extra 2023, April 1997, Livestock Nutrition
Boyles, S., 1999. Soybean hulls. Oklahoma State University, Extension Service
Brown, W. F.; Klopfenstein, T. J.; Merrill, J. K.; McDonnell, M. L., 1981. Corn or soybean hulls as energy supplements to crop residues. J. Anim. Sci., 53: 112
Brown, P. B. ; Kaushik, S. J. ; Peres, H., 2008. Protein feedstuffs originating from soybeans. In: Alternative protein sources in aquaculture diets, (C. Lim, C. Webster & C-S. Lee, Eds), The Haworth Press, Inc, NY, USA, pp. 205-223
Carter, J. M.; Aiken, G. E.; Dougherty, C. T.; Schrick, F. N., 2010. Steer responses to feeding soybean hulls and steroid hormone implantation on toxic tall fescue pasture. J. Anim. Sci., 88 (11): 3759-3766
Chapoutot, P., 1998. Étude de la dégradation in situ des constituants pariétaux des aliments pour ruminants. Thèse Docteur en Sciences Agronomiques, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Paris (FRA), 1998/11/17.
Chaudhry, A. S. ; Webster, A. J. F., 2001. Nutrient composition and the use of solubility to estimate degradability of food proteins in cattle. J. Sci. Food Agric., 81 (11): 1077-1086
Chee, K. M.; Chun, K. S.; Huh, B. D.; Choi, J. H.; Chung, M. K.; Lee, H. S.; Shin, I. S.; Whang, K. Y., 2005. Comparative feeding value of soybean hulls and wheat bran for growing and finishing swine. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 18 (6): 861-867
Chumpawadee, S. ; Chantiratikul, A. ; Chantiratikul, P., 2007. Chemical compositions and nutritional evaluation of energy feeds for ruminants using an in vitro gas production technique. Pak. J. Nutr., 6 (6): 607-612
Chumpawadee, S., 2009. Degradation characteristics of tomato pomace, soybean hull and peanut pod in the rumen using nylon bag technique. Pakistan J. Nutr., 8 (11): 1717-1721
Coffey, K. P.; Lomas, L. W., 1989. Soybean hulls in a finishing ration for beef cattle - Agricultural Research, Southeast Kansas Branch Station. Kans. Agric. Exp. Sta. Rep. Prog., 571: 1
Cravey, M. D.; Horn, G. W.; McCollum, F. T.; Beck, P. A.; McDaniel, B. G., 1993. High-starch and high-fiber energy supplements improve performance of stocker cattle grazing wheat pasture. Okla. State Univ. Anim. Sci. Res. Rep., P-933: 262
Cunningham, K. D. ; Cecava, M. J. ; Johnson, T. R., 1993. Nutrient digestion, nitrogen, and amino acid flows in lactating cows fed soybean hulls in place of forage or concentrate. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 3523-3535
de Blas, J. C. ; García, J. ; Carabaño, R., 1999. Role of fibre in rabbit diets. A review. Ann. Zootech., 48 (1): 3-13
de Blas, C.; Mateos, G. G., 2010. Feed formulation. In: Nutrition of the rabbit - 2nd edition. de Blas, C.; Wiseman, J. (Eds). CAB International, UK
DeCamp, S. A.; Hill, B.; Hankins, S. L.; Herr, C. T.; Richert, B. T.; Sutton, A. L.; Kelly, D. T.; Cobb, M. L.; Bundy, D. W.; Powers, W. J., 2001. Effects of soybean hulls on pig performance, manure composition, and air quality. Purdue Univ., Swine Res. Rep.
Decker, D., 1996. Ammonia (Urea) Toxicosis In Ruminants. Indiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, Winter 1996 Newsletter
Dilger, R. N.; Sands, J. S.; Ragland, D.; Adeola, O., 2004. Digestibilityof nitrogen and amino acids in soybean meal with added soyhulls. J. Anim. Sci., 82 (3): 715-724
Duff, G. C.; Galyean, M. L.; Malcolm-Callis, K. J., 1993. Intake and ruminal fermentation by beef steers consuming prairie hay with supplements containing corn, soybean hulls and urea. J. Anim. Sci., 71 (1): 29
EFSA GMO Panel, 2008. Safety and nutritional assessment of GM plants and derived food and feed: the role of animal feeding trials. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46 (Suppl 1): S2-70
Egounlety, M.; Aworh, O. C., 2003. Effect of soaking, dehulling, cooking and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on the oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitor, phytic acid and tannins of soybean (Glycine max Merr.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and groundbean (Macrotyloma geocarpa Harms). J. Food Eng., 56 (2-3): 249-254
Esonu, B. O.; Iheshiulor, O. M.; Chukwuka, O. K.; Omede, A. A.; Ogbuewu, I. P., 2010. Performance characteristics and haematology of laying birds fed Safzyme® supplemented soybean hull diet. Rep. Opinion, 2 (8): 16-21
Evans, E.; Jebelian, V.; Rycquart, W. C., 1983. Effects of partial replacement of fiber from alfalfa with fiber from other ingredients upon performances of fryer rabbits. J. Appl. Rabbit Res., 6 (1): 6-8
Extension, 2008. What are soybean hulls?. eXtension Foundation, Inc., www.eXtension.org
FAO, 2016. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
Faulkner, D. B.; Hummel, D. F.; Buskirk, D. D.; Berger, L. L.; Parrett, D. F.; Cmarik, G. F. , 1994. Performance and nutrient metabolism by nursing calves supplemented with limited or unlimited corn or soyhulls. J. Anim. Sci., 72 (2): 470-477
Galloway, D. L.; Goetsch, A. L.; Forster, L. A.; Patil, A. R.; Sun, W.; Johnson, Z. B., 1993. Feed intake and digestibility by cattle consuming bermudagrass or orchardgrass hay supplemented with soybean hulls and (or) corn. J. Anim. Sci., 71 (11): 3087-3095
Garcia, J.; Villamide, M. J.; De Blas, J. C., 1997. Energy, protein and fibre digestibility of soya bean hulls for rabbits. World Rabbit Sci., 5 (3): 111-113
Garcia, J. ; Carabaño, R. ; Perez Alba, L. ; de Blas, C., 2000. Effect of fiber source on cecal fermentation and nitrogen recycled through cecotrophy in rabbits. J. Anim. Sci., 78 (3): 638–646
Garleb, K. A. ; Fahey, G. C. Jr. ; Lewis, S. M. ; Kerley, M. S. ; Montgomery, L., 1988. Chemical composition and digestibility of fiber fractions of certain by-product feedstuffs fed to ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 66 (10): 2650-2662
Gidenne, T.; Perez, J. M., 2000. Replacement of digestible fibre by starch in the diet of the growing rabbit. I. Effects on digestion, rate of passage and retention of nutrients. Ann. Zoot., INRA/EDP Sciences, 49 : 357-368
Grenet, E. ; Barry, P., 1990. In vivo and in sacco digestibility and rumen microbial degradation of cell walls of soyabean and rape integuments and of dehydrated beet pulp in sheep, observed by scanning electron microscopy. J. Agric. Sci., 115 (3): 429-435
Gutiérrez, I.; García, J.; Carabaño, R.; Mateos, G. G.; de Blas, J. C., 2000. Effect of exogenous phytase on phosphorus and nitrogen digestibility in growing-finishing rabbits. 7th World Rabbit Congress, Valencia (Spain), 4-7 July 2000, Vol. C: 277-281
Haddad, S. G. ; Grant, R. J., 2000. Influence of nonfiber carbohydrate concentration on forage fiber digestion in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 86 (1-2): 107-115
Hadorn, R. ; Wenk, C. ; Pfirter, H. P., 1996. Effect of millet and soybean hulls on nutrient and energy utilization in growing pigs .1. Characterization of diets, growth performance and nutrient utilization. Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde, 75 (1): 13-22
Hadorn, R. ; Wenk, C. ; Pfirter, H. P., 1996. Effect of millet and soybean hulls on nutrient and energy utilization in growing pigs .2. Energy and N-balance. Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde, 75 (1): 23-30
Hadorn, R., 1994. Influence of different fiber sources (soybean and millet hulls) in comparison to wheat starch on the nutrient and energy utilization by growing pigs and broilers. Abhandlung zur Erlangung des Titels Doktor der technischen Wissenschaften der Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich
Highfill, B. D.; Boggs, D. L.; Amos, H. E.; Crickman, J. G., 1987. Effects of High Fiber Energy Supplements on Fermentation Characteristics and In Vivo and In Situ Digestibilities of Low Quality Fescue Hay. J. Anim. Sci., 65 (1): 224-234
Hindrichsen, I. K.; Wettstein, H. R.; Machmüller, A.; Soliva, C. R.; Bach Knudsen, K. E.; Madsen, J.; Kreuzer, M., 2004. Effects of feed carbohydrates with contrasting properties on rumen fermentation and methane release in vitro. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 84 (2): 265-276
Hindrichsen, I. K. ; Wettstein, H. R. ; Machmuller, A. ; Jorg, B. ; Kreuzer, M., 2005. Effect of the carbohydrate composition of feed concentrates on methane emission from dairy cows and their slurry. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 107 (1/3): 329-350
Hindrichsen, I. K. ; Wettstein, H. R. ; Machmuller, A. ; Knudsen, K. E. B. ; Madsen, J. ; Kreuzer, M., 2006. Digestive and metabolic utilisation of dairy cows supplemented with concentrates characterised by different carbohydrates. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 126 (1-2): 43-61
Hoffmann, E. M.; Muetzel, S.; Becker, K., 2003. The fermentation of soybean meal by rumen microbes in vitro reveals different kinetic features for the inactivation and the degradation of trypsin inhibitor protein. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 106 (1/4): 189-197
Hsu, J. T. ; Faulkner, D. B. ; Garleb, K. A. ; Barclay, R. A. ; Fahey, G. C. ; Berger, L. L., 1987. Evaluation of corn fiber, cottonseed hulls, oat hulls and soybean hulls as roughage sources for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 65 (1): 244-255
Ipharraguerre, I. R.; Clark, J. H., 2003. Soyhulls as an alternative feed for lactating cows: A review. J. Dairy Sci., 86 (4): 1052-1073
Jacobsen, B. J.; Harlin, K. S.; Swanson, S. P.; Lambert, R. J.; Beasley, V. R.; Sinclair, J. B.; Wei, L. S., 1995. Occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins associated with field mold damaged soybeans in the midwest. Plant Disease, 79, 86-88
Kabe, A. M. G.; de Souza, A. D.; de Moro Souza, R. L.; da Silva Bueno, I. C.; Mota, T. P.; Crandell, K.; Vervuert, I.; Correa, G. F.; Brandi, R. A., 2016. Soybean hulls in equine feed concentrates: Apparent nutrient digestibility, physicochemical and microbial characteristics of equine feces. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 36: 77-82
Kanto, U.; Juttupornpong, S.; Moonjit, P.; Suparp, S., 2009. Utilization of cassava, soybean meal and soyhulls by swine. Meat and Livestock, www.meatandlivestock.com
Kerley, M. S.; Williams, J. E., 1995. Alternative feeds for beef cattle on pasture. In: M.L. Eastridge (Ed.) 2nd Natl. Alternative Feeds Symp., Alternative Feeds for Dairy and Beef Cattle, Dept. Anim. Sci., The Ohio State Univ., Columbus: 147
Kertz, A. F., 2010. Review: Urea feeding to dairy cattle: A historical perspective and review. The Prof. Anim. Sci., 26 (3): 257-272
Koivisto, J., 2006. Glycine max L.. Grassland Index. A searchable catalogue of grass and forage legumes. FAO, Rome, Italy
Kornegay, E. T., 1978. Feeding value and digestibility of soybean hulls for swine. J. Anim. Sci., 47 (6): 1272-1280
Kornegay, E. T., 1981. Soyabean hull digestibility by sows and feeding value for growing-finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci., 53 (1): 138-145
Kostenbauder, M. J.; Coleman, S. W.; Chase Jr., C. C.; Kunkle, W. E.; Hall, M. B.; Martin, F. G., 2007. Intake and Digestibility of Bahiagrass Hay by Cattle that are Supplemented with Molasses or Molasses-Urea with or without Soybean Hulls. The Prof. Anim. Sci., 23 (4): 373-380
Lebas, F., 2013. Feeding strategies for small and medium scale rabbit units. 3rd Conf. Asian Rabbit Prod. Association - Bali Indonesia - 27-29 August 2013
Lewis, A. J. ; Southern, L. L., 2001. Swine nutrition. 2nd edition - CRC Press
Lima, M. L. M.; Fernandes, J. J. de R.; de Carvalho, E. R.; Santos, S. de C.; da Rocha, F. M.; Lima, D. de A., 2009. Soybean hulls as a replacement for ground corn in rations fo lactating crossbreed cows. Ciência Anim. Bras., 10 (4): 1037-1043
Ludden, P. A.; Cecava, M. J.; Hendrix, K. S., 1995. The value of soybean hulls as a replacement for corn in beef cattle diets formulated with or without added fat. J. Anim. Sci., 73 (9): 2706-2711
Maertens, L.; De Groote, G., 1984. Digestibility and digestible energy content of a number of feedstuffs for rabbits. Proc. 3rd World Rabbit Congress, Rome, 1: 244-251
Maertens, L.; Perez, J. M.; Villamide, M., Cervera, C.; Gidenne, T., Xiccato, G., 2002. Nutritive value of raw materials for rabbits: EGRAN tables 2002. World Rabbit Sci., 10 (4): 157-166
Marston, T. T.; Lusby, K. S.; Wettemann, R. P., 1992. Pre- and post-calving protein or energy supplementation of spring-calving beef cows. Okla. State Univ. Anim. Sci. Res. Rep., MP-136: 179
Martina, C., 1983. New forage sources rich in cellulose for feeding rabbits. Rev. de Cresterea Animalelor, 33 (3): 9-12
Mézes, M.; Balogh, K., 2009. Mycotoxins in rabbit feed: A review. World Rabbit Science, 17 (2): 53-62
Moreira, I.; Mourinho, F. L.; Carvalho, P. L. de O.; Paiano, D.; Piano, L. M.; Junior, I. S. K., 2009. Avaliação nutricional da casca de soja com ou sem complexo enzimático na alimentação de leitões na fase inicial. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 38 (12): 2408-2416
Newkirk, R., 2010. Soybean: Feed Industry Guide. 1st edition, Canadian International Grains Institute
Nicodemus, N.; García, J.; Carabaño, R.; de Blas, C., 1998. Effect of the inclusion of soybean hulls in commercial feeds on rabbit digestion and performance at varying dietary lignin concentration. American Soybean Association, 21 pp.
Nicodemus, N.; Garcia, J.; Carabaño, R.; de Blas, C., 2006. Effect of a reduction of dietary particle size by substituting a mixture of fibrous by-products for lucerne hay on performance and digestion of growing rabbits and lactating does. Livest. Sci., 100 (2): 242-260
Orji, J. A., 2009. Nutrient intake, digestion and utilization by rabbits fed cowpea hull and soybean hull based diets. Doctoral dissertation, Dept. Anim. Sci., Univ. Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria 90pp.
Pedroso, A. M.; Santos, F. A. P.; Bittar, C. M. M.; Pires, A. V.; Martinez, J. C., 2007. Substituição do milho moído por casca de soja na ração de vacas leiteiras em confinamento. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 36 (5): 1651-1657
Pereira, J. C. ; Gonzalez, J. ; Alvir, M. R. ; Rodriguez, C., 1999. Ruminal degradation of soyabean, oat and sunflower husks. ITEA Produccion Animal, 20 (2): 511-513
Perez, J. M. ; Maertens, L. ; Villamide, M. J. ; de Blas, J. C., 1998. Tables of composition and nutritive value of feedstuffs for rabbits: First proposal from an European working group. 7èmes Journ. Rech. Cunicole Fr., Lyon, 141-14
Rackis, J. J. ; Gumbmann, M. R., 1981. Protease inhibitors: physiological properties and nutritional significance. In: Ory, R. L. (Ed.), Antinutrients and natural toxicants in foods. Westport, CT, USA: Food and Nutrition Press
Rackis, J. J.; Wolf, W. J.; Baker, E. C. , 1986. Protease inhibitors in plant foods: content and inactivation. In: Nutritional and toxicological significance of enzyme inhibitors in foods, Mendel Friedman Plenum Publishing Corporation
Reese, R. ; Prosch, A. ; Travnicek, D. A. ; Eskridge, K. M., 2008. Dietary fiber in sow gestation diets - An updated review. Nebraska Swine Reports, Paper 45
Rodrigues, A. P. O.; Gominho-Rosa, M. D. C.; Cargnin-Ferreira, E.; Francisco, A. De; Fracalossi, D. M., 2011. Different utilization of plant sources by the omnivores jundiá catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Nutrition, 18 (1): 65-72
Safwat, A. M.; Sarmiento-Franco, L.; Santos-Ricalde, R. H., 2014. Rabbit production using local resources as feedstuffs in the Tropics. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosystems, 17 ( ): 161-171
Sapkota, A.; Marchant-Forde, J. N.; Richert, B. T.; Lay, D. C., 2016. Including dietary fiber and resistant starch to increase satiety and reduce aggression in gestating sows. J. Anim. Sci., 94 (5): 2117-2127
Sarwar, M.; Firkins, J. L.; Eastridge, M. L., 1992. Effects of varying forage and concentrate carbohydrates on nutrient digestibilities and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 75 (6): 1533-1542
Schoenian, S., 2015. Soyhulls: the "almost perfect" feed. Maryland Small Ruminant Page
Silva, L. das D. F. da; Ezequiel, J. M. B. ; Azevedo, P. S. de; Barbosa, J. C. ; Cattelan, J. W. ; Resende, F. D. de; Seixas, J. R. C. ; Carmo, F. R. G. do, 1999. In situ degradability of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of some feeds in crossbred steers. Semina (Londrina), 20 (1): 25-30
Silva, L. das D. F. da; Ezequiel, J. M. B. ; Azevedo, P. S. de; Cattelan, J. W. ; Barbosa, J. C. ; Resende, F. D. de; Carmo, F. R. G. do, 2002. Total and partial digestion of some components of diets containing different levels of soybean hulls and nitrogen sources in steers. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 31 (3): 1258-1268
Valenta, H.; Dänicke, S.; Blüthgen, A., 2002. Mycotoxins in soybean feedstuffs used in Germany. Mycotoxin Res., 18 (supp.2): 208-211
Van Cleef, E. H. C. ; Ezequiel, J. M. B. ; Fontes, N. A. ; Faturi, C. ; Oliveira, P. N. ; Stiaqui, M. G., 2011. Intake and digestibility of diets containing energy sources associated with sunflower meal or urea in feedlot steers. Acta Scientiarum - Animal Sciences, Maringá, 33 (2): 163-168
van Eys, J. E.; Offner, A.; Back, A., 2004. Manual of quality analyses for soybean products in the feed industry. American soybean association
Villamide, M. J. ; Maertens, L. ; de Blas, J., 2010. Feed evaluation. In: de Blas, C. ; Wiseman, J. (Eds): 151-162. The nutrition of the rabbit. CAB Publishing
Villamide, M. J., García, A. I., Llorente, A., Carabaño, R., 2013. Ileal vs. faecal amino acid digestibility in concentrates and fibrous sources for rabbit feed formulation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 182 ( 100-110
Jitan Wang; Defa Li; Limin Gong; Jianjun Xing; Huile Shen; Guolong Song Fabo Ma , 2003. True metabolisable energy and true amino acid availability in chinese varieties of dehulled and hulled soybean meals determined with adult roosters. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 16 (10) : 1487-1494
Weidner, S. J.; Grant, R. J., 1994. Soyhulls as a replacement for forage fiber in diets for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 77 (2): 513-521
Weidner, S. J.; Grant, R. J., 1994. Altered ruminal mat consistency by high percentages of soybean hulls fed to lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 77 (2): 522-532
Wenk, C. ; Zürcher, U., 1990. Energy utilization by swine of nutritive fiber-rich by-products from the milling and food industry. Arch. Tierernähr., 40 (5-6): 423-430
Woods, V. B. ; Moloney, A. P. ; Mulligan, F. J. ; Kenny, M. J. ; O'Mara, F. P., 1999. The effect of animal species (cattle or sheep) and level of intake by cattle on in vivo digestibility of concentrate ingredients. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 80 (2): 135-150
Zambom, M. A.; Alcalde, C. R.; Kazama, D. C. da S.; Martins, E. N.; Hashimoto, J. H.; Matshushita, M.; Ramos, C. E. C. O.; Grande, P. A., 2012. Soybean hulls replacing ground corn in diets for early lactation Saanen goats: intake, digestibility, milk production and quality. Rev. Bras. Zootec., 41 (6): 1525-1532
Zelinsky, R. D.; Wertz-Lutz, A. E.; Held, J. E., 2014. A comparison of corn or soybean hull based diets with dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) as the protein source in finishing diets comparing lamb growth, feed efficiency, and carcass merit. South Dakota State Univ., Sheep Res. Rep.: 3-5
Zelinsky, R. D.; Wertz-Lutz, A. E.; Held, J. E., 2014. Effects of increasing the energy density of a lactating ewe diet by replacing hay with soyhulls (SH) and dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). South Dakota State Univ., Sheep Res. Rep.: 9-11

Datasheet citation

Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Lessire M., Lebas F., 2017. Soybean hulls. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/719 Last updated on February 6, 2017, 14:44

English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant)

Image credits

Sponsored by

Automatic translation

Feed categories

Scientific names

Tools

Resources

Soybean hulls