Coffee hulls, fruit pulp and by-products

Datasheet

Description

Click on the "Nutritional aspects" tab for recommendations for ruminants, pigs, poultry, rabbits, horses, fish and crustaceans

Common names

Coffee, coffee tree, Arabian coffee, arabica coffee, robusta coffee [English]; caféier d'Arabie [French]; Arabika Kaffee [German] caffè arabica [Italian]; kawa arabska [Polish]; caféeiro, café, cafeiro [Portuguese]; cafeto arábico, cafeto de Arabia [Spanish]; アラビカコーヒーノキ [Japanese]; kopi arabika [Java];بن عربي [Arabic]; قهوه عربیکا [Farsi]; קפה ערביקה [Hebrew]; 커피나무 [Korean]; കോഫി അറബിക [Malayalam]; Cà phê chè [Vietnamese]; 小果咖啡咖啡, 小粒咖啡, 高山芹根 [Chinese]

Product names: coffee pulp, coffee hulls, coffee parchment, coffee oil meal, coffee grounds, instant coffee by-product, coffee leaves

Species

Coffea arabica L. [Rubiaceae]

Related feed(s)

Description

The coffee bean (Coffea arabica L.) is used to make one of the most popular beverages in the world and considerable amounts of coffee bean are processed every day, leading to large quantities of by-products that may be used to feed livestock.

The coffee tree is an evergreen, perennial, erect shrub. It is 2 to 5 m high in plantations but can reach up to 15 m in the wild. Stems are opposite, rather thin, first semi-erect then pendulous. Leaves are opposite, oval shaped, 10 to 15 cm long and 4-6 cm broad. They are dark green, with slightly crinkled surfaces (Ecoport, 2009). Flowers are borne in clusters along the branches. They are white, fragrant and star-shaped.

The coffee tree begins to bear fruits 6 to 7 years after planting as a seedling and will be productive for 30-40 years. Average yield in Kenya is 2 to 3 t/ha and 0.5 t/ha in Brazil. The fruit, or cherry, is a reddish 2-seeded berry, 1 to 1.5 cm long and 6 to 7 mm broad (Ecocrop, 2009).

The coffee cherry consists of four anatomical layers: the outer skin or exocarp, the mesocarp (comprising the pulp and the mucilage), the endocarp (hulls), and the beans (endosperm). On a dry matter basis, the beans account for about 55% of the fruit, the hulls for 10–12%, the mucilage for 5–14%, and the skin for about 9% (Ecocrop, 2009).

In wet processing, coffee pulp (the fruit without the seeds) includes the skin and most of the mesocarp and represents about 26–30% of the dry weight of the cherry. The mucilage, a pectin‑rich inner layer of the mesocarp, accounts for 5–14% of the dry matter. Coffee parchment is the thin tegument surrounding the bean and is removed during dry milling (Bressani et al., 1972; Bressani et al., 1979).

Industrial processing of roasted coffee also generates by‑products such as coffee grounds from soluble coffee manufacture, which are characterised by a relatively high ether extract content (Murthy & Naidu, 2012; Campos‑Vega et al., 2015).

Distribution

The coffee tree is native to the wet highland forests of Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya (Ecocrop, 2009). It was introduced into Arabia in the 15th century and to the West Indies and Central America in the 18th century, and then reached India and Sri Lanka (Orwa et al., 2009).

It grows in the subtropics within 22°N and 27°S in deep soils, from sea level to an altitude of 1000 m and where annual rainfall ranges from 1500 mm to 2000 mm. In equatorial regions, it may be cultivated within an altitude between 1300 m and 2800 m or even higher. A moderate dry period is necessary to induce flowering. It is also reported to withstand moderate frost but this results in a lower harvest (Ecocrop, 2009).

Processes

The coffee pulp is obtained either by subjecting fruit to a depulping operation using water, or by first drying it, followed by a dehulling operation.

Wet processing

For the wet process, after harvest, the coffee berries are transported to the coffee processing plant, where they are dumped into a tank of water to remove spoiled, green fruits and foreign material. With the help of water, used as a transport mechanism, the berries are taken to the pulping machines that by pressure separate the beans from the coffee pulp. Running water moves the beans into a fermentation tank that removes the remaining mucilage and allows further processing. The coffee pulp is transported by water to be stock-piled for later removal or simply allowed to ferment naturally. Coffee pulp can be used as a feedstuff or as an organic fertilizer to be applied to coffee trees (Bressani, 1991).

CaO (5%) was added to coffee hulls under moist and anaerobic conditions, allowing CaO to convert into Ca(OH)₂ and enhance cell‑wall solubilization (Nunes et al., 2020; Roseira et al., 2020).

Dry process

The dry process consists in either allowing the fruit to dry on the trees, or by harvesting fresh fruit and drying it. Once it is dried, the fruit is dehulled. The high water content of the pulp from the wet process causes problems in handling, transport, stability and processing. For feed applications, the pulp should be dried as quickly as possible to avoid spoilage, or should be preserved, e.g. by ensiling. The wet coffee pulp is subjected to a drying operation with or without partial water removal, by pressure, with or without the addition of calcium hydroxide. Drying is accomplished by solar dehydration, by forced hot air-drying, or a combination of both. The product obtained is dried coffee pulp (Bressani, 1991).

Ensiling

An alternative process is ensiling with 4-6% sugar cane molasses. Although fresh coffee pulp can be directly ensiled, better quality is obtained if the moisture content is around 75%. A well-packed trench silo holds an average of 325 kg of coffee pulp per cubic metre. Additives, such as urea (10%), sodium metabisulphite (0.3-0.5%), calcium hydroxide (2%), and mixtures of inorganic acids (10% HCl + H₂SO₄), can be included. A different and attractive ensiling process is to mix grasses, sorghum or corn, with coffee pulp in layers of about 30 cm with or without sugar cane molasses (4-6%). The silage, whether of coffee pulp alone, or mixed with grasses, is ready to be used in about 3 weeks and if well packed, it can be preserved for up to 18 months. The silage from coffee pulp alone or mixed with other forages can be used as it is, or it can be dehydrated (but this operation is not necessary)(Bressani, 1991).

Environmental impact

As a perennial evergreen shrub, the coffee tree provides important amounts of litter to the soil and helps to maintain soil organic matter levels as well as cation exchange capacity, thus reducing leaching losses. Caffeine is also referred as to a natural herbicide able to control Amaranthus spinosus seedlings (Orwa et al., 2009).

In some cases, coffee pulp and hulls are thrown into rivers and lakes near the processing regions, which cause serious environmental concerns (Brand et al., 2000).

Feeding livestock with coffee by-products is a way to alleviate their environmental impact. Pulp and hulls may also be used as green manure.

Nutritional aspects

Potential constraints

The cherry and the leaves contain caffeine, an alkaloid that is a psychoactive stimulant drug, as well as tannins, polyphenols and high amounts of potassium (Bressani, 1982). The presence of these factors contributes to the antinutritional and antiphysiological activity of coffee by-products, as observed in both monogastrics and ruminants, such as low palatability, feed intake, protein digestibility and nitrogen retention. Coffee hulls used as bedding have been reported to cause caffeine intoxication in horses, leading to non‑specific neurological disorders (Delfiol et al., 2012; Benezoli et al., 2019). Physical (percolation), chemical (alcohol extraction) or microbiological (fermentation) methods may help reduce caffeine content and enhance animal performances (Brand et al., 2000; Peñaloza et al., 1985; Molina et al., 1974).

Fungi may develop on coffee by-products, which produce toxins harmful to the animal (Bressani, 1991).

Ruminants

Treating coffee hulls with 5% CaO reduces NDF, ADF and lignin, increases the soluble and potentially degradable fractions, and decreases the undegradable fiber fraction, thereby improving ruminal degradability of DM and NDF (Roseira et al., 2020). In vivo, CaO‑treated coffee hulls showed slightly lower DM and CP digestibility (up to 160 g/kg DM) (Nunes et al., 2020).

Dairy cows and heifers

In female cattle, coffee hulls can replace 15% (lactating dairy cows, Rocha et al., 2006), 18% (heifers, Souza et al., 2005) or 25% (lactating dairy cows, Oliveira et al., 2007) of the diet concentrate (maize). Increasing levels of coffee hulls in the ration (up to 10.5%, DM basis) decreased microbial protein synthesis, promoted N excretion and limited weight gain in heifers (Souza et al., 2010).

Cattle

In steers, coffee hulls inclusion resulted in decreased body weight gain but used to replace 20 % ground ear maize was economically feasible (Nascimento et al., 2003). Other maximum recommendation levels are 30 % (Ribeiro Filho et al., 2000) and 42 % (Vilela et al., 2001).

In calves and dairy heifers, inclusion of coffee hulls appears to alter animal growth performance (Jarquin et al., 1974a; Souza et al., 2006a; Teixeira et al., 2007). Inclusion levels ranging from 7 % (Souza et al., 2006a) to 14 % (Teixeira et al., 2007) when coffee hulls replace ground maize or maize silage.

Sheep

Coffee hulls have been reported to replace several feeds in sheep diets. It is suggested to feed them with a high energy fodder (Leitao et al., 2005). Recommended inclusion rates range from 15% to 25% of the diet when replacing concentrate and berseem hay, or ground maize respectively (El-Sayed et al., 1999; Souza et al., 2004). CaO-treated coffee hulls could be included up to 160 g/kg DM to replace corn silage without impairing intake and animal performance of lambs (Nunes et al., 2020).

Pigs

Coffee pulp (dried or not), coffee hulls (sticky or dried) have an overall deleterious effect on pigs (Buitrago et al., 1970; Balogun et al., 1973; Balogun et al., 1975; Jarquin et al., 1974b; Oliveira et al., 2001). However, feeding pigs with coffee by-products may still have a role and the following table sums up some recommended levels of inclusion. In 2005, it was reported that pigs fed with rations containing up to 15% of coffee pulp ensiled with 5% molasses had equal or better total weight gain than those fed commercial concentrates (Rathinavelu et al., 2005).

Recommended inclusion rate of coffee pulp in pig diets

Product	Level	Country	Reference
Coffee pulp (dried)	8% in growing pigs	Venezuela	Jarquin et al., 1974b
Coffee pulp (dried)	18% in growing pigs	Guatemala	Berducido Pinzón, 1975
Coffee pulp (dried or sticky)	5% in growing pigs	Brazil	Parra et al., 2008
Coffee pulp (dried or sticky)	9.5% in finishing pigs	Brazil	Parra et al., 2008
Dried coffee pulp	5% in growing and finishing pigs	Brazil	Oliveira et al., 2001
Dried coffee pulp	20% maize replacement in finishing pigs	Brazil	Oliveira et al., 2002
Dried coffee pulp	30% wheat bran replacement in growing pigs	Ghana	Okai et al., 1991

Poultry

In broiler diets, dried coffee pulp was reported to have a low nutritive value and the maximum recommended level is 2.5% (Donkoh et al., 1988). A later study reported that true dry matter digestibility (TDMD), and True nitrogen digestibility (TDN) and True Metabolisable Energy corrected for N (TMEn) were significantly reduced when coffee hulls inclusion level was over 5 % in the diet. Therefore levels higher than 5% were not recommended (Acosta et al., 1997).
Drying followed by several months of storage may reduce the amount of antinutritional factors (Bressani et al., 1973). Coffee pulp fermented with Aspergillus niger was used successfully at 10% of the diet (Peñaloza et al., 1985).

As of 2026, no experimental studies were found after 1997 on the use of coffee pulp, coffee hulls, parchment or silverskin in poultry feeding; available data rely exclusively on older trials (1970–1997).

Rabbits

Several studies have assessed coffee pulp in rabbit feeding.

Dried coffee pulp

In Cameroon, 10% sun‑dried coffee pulp could be fed to rabbits and was optimal for animal performance and feed cost, whereas higher levels resulted in deteriorated feed conversion ratio (Noumbissi et al., 2025).

Dried vs. fermented coffee pulp

In Balinese local rabbits, unfermented coffee pulp (10–20%) performed slightly worse than a control diet without coffee pulp, whereas fermented coffee pulp at the same inclusion level (10%) markedly improved growth and feed conversion, as well as energy and protein retention and carcass traits (Nuriyasa et al., 2015).

Alkali‑treated coffee pulp

In Nigeria, coffee pulp was treated for 12 h with potash derived from cocoa pod ash (K₂CO₃), then washed, sun‑dried and finely ground before incorporation at graded levels into rabbit diets (0, 4%, 8% and 12%). The best results were obtained at 8%, with the highest daily weight gain (22.22 g/day), the best feed conversion ratio (4.47 vs 5.90 in the control) and the highest carcass weights. At 12%, feed intake, growth and carcass traits declined. It was therefore recommended not to exceed 8% in weaner rabbits (Mustapha et al., 2023).

Horses and donkeys

No nutritional studies were found on the use of coffee pulp, coffee hulls, parchment, silverskin or spent coffee grounds in horses or donkeys. Available information relates only to caffeine toxicity in horses following accidental ingestion of coffee by‑products (Delfiol et al., 2012; Benezoli et al., 2019).

Fish

Coffee pulp

Treated and untreated coffee pulp

In Costa Rica, untreated and chemically or biologically treated coffee pulp were assessed for tilapia fingerlings feeding. Raw coffee pulp depressed feed intake, growth and nutrient digestibility due to its high fibre, caffeine and tannin contents. However, when fish were reared in earthen ponds with natural food available, untreated coffee pulp could be included up to 130 g/kg without impairing growth, indicating that pond productivity partly offsets the negative effects of coffee pulp. Chemical (NaOH) and biological (Bacillus spp.) treatments reduced anti‑nutritional factors and improved palatability, but growth depression still occurred at moderate to high inclusion levels. Biologically treated pulp was tolerated only at 60 g/kg, while higher levels (≥120 g/kg) reduced feed intake and growth. Critical thresholds for fibre (≈106 g/kg), tannins (≈4.4 g/kg) and caffeine (≈2.4 g/kg) were identified, corresponding overall to no use of raw coffee pulp and only low inclusion levels of treated coffee pulp in tilapia fingerling diets (Rojas, 2002).

Fresh and ensiled coffee pulp

Dried ground coffee pulp from the wet processing of coffee beans and ensiled coffee pulp (same origin) were used to feed tilapia fingerlings in Mexico. Both pulps were included at levels supplying 20% of the daily protein allowance. Both fresh and ensiled pulp severely depressed growth, feed utilisation and nutrient digestibility, with fresh pulp causing the strongest negative effects (including weight loss). Ensiling slightly improved protein and energy utilisation, but not enough to make coffee pulp a suitable feed ingredient for tilapia fingerlings (Moreau et al., 2003).

Coffee parchment as a feed additive

In Thailand, coffee parchment has been evaluated as a functional feed additive in Nile tilapia, with very low inclusion levels (0.5–4%). The best responses were obtained at 5 g/kg (0.5%), which improved growth, feed conversion, immunity and gut microbiota. Higher levels (4%) did not improve performance (Doan et al., 2025).

Nutritional tables

Tables of chemical composition and nutritional value

Avg: average or predicted value; SD: standard deviation; Min: minimum value; Max: maximum value; Nb: number of values (samples) used

Coffee hulls

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	88.5	3.2	83.5	94.8	18
Crude protein	% DM	9.4	1.2	7.2	12.5	19
Crude fibre	% DM	36.0	10.0	20.2	51.8	11
NDF	% DM	61.8	11.4	35.9	76.4	14
ADF	% DM	51.4	12.2	24.5	68.1	13
Lignin	% DM	16.3	7.3	10.2	31.7	9
Ether extract	% DM	1.7	1.4	0.3	5.5	18
Ash	% DM	6.5	2.1	1.3	9.6	19
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	19.5	2.1	18.3	21.9	3

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	4.5	2.6	0.3	10.7	15
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.4	0.9	0.2	3.6	15
Potassium	g/kg DM	22.6	11.3	2.0	36.8	10
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.2		0.2	0.2	2
Magnesium	g/kg DM	0.9	0.4	0.2	1.6	10
Manganese	mg/kg DM	31		20	42	2
Zinc	mg/kg DM	56	84	8	153	3
Copper	mg/kg DM	18	2	16	20	3
Iron	mg/kg DM	233	122	144	372	3

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
a (N)	%	52.8				1
b (N)	%	22.4				1
c (N)	h-1	0.026				1
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=4%)	%	62					*
Nitrogen degradability (effective, k=6%)	%	60					*

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	33.6					*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	6.5					*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	16.3				1

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Barcelos et al., 2001; Carvalho Junior et al., 2009; CIRAD, 1991; Gowda et al., 2004; Leitao et al., 2005; Marcondes et al., 2009; Oliveira et al., 2007; Parra et al., 2008; Ribeiro Filho et al., 2000; Souza et al., 2004; Souza et al., 2006; Tavares et al., 2005; Teixeira et al., 2007; Vilela et al., 2001

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:20

Coffee pulp, dehydrated

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	91.8	2.8	87.2	95.9	7
Crude protein	% DM	11.3	1.9	8.4	14.0	8
Crude fibre	% DM	18.5	1.7	16.2	20.1	4
NDF	% DM	49.0	14.0	31.1	68.5	7
ADF	% DM	46.0	14.3	29.6	64.9	7
Lignin	% DM	9.1	3.7	5.6	13.0	3
Ether extract	% DM	2.3	1.4	1.2	3.8	5
Ash	% DM	8.9	2.8	6.0	12.7	5
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	17.2	0.2	17.0	17.3	3

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	3.2		3.0	3.4	2
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.3		1.3	1.3	2

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Alanine	% protein	3.5				1
Arginine	% protein	2.8		2.2	3.3	2
Aspartic acid	% protein	7.1				1
Cystine	% protein	0.3				1
Glutamic acid	% protein	7.7				1
Glycine	% protein	4.2		3.9	4.5	2
Histidine	% protein	2.5		2.1	2.8	2
Isoleucine	% protein	3.3		2.8	3.8	2
Leucine	% protein	4.7		4.6	4.7	2
Lysine	% protein	3.4		2.7	4.2	2
Methionine	% protein	0.3		0.2	0.4	2
Phenylalanine	% protein	3.0		2.9	3.1	2
Proline	% protein	3.7				1
Serine	% protein	3.3				1
Threonine	% protein	3.1		2.9	3.4	2
Tyrosine	% protein	1.9		1.5	2.3	2
Valine	% protein	3.7		3.7	3.8	2

Secondary metabolites	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Tannins (eq. tannic acid)	g/kg DM	9.2				1

Pig nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Energy digestibility, growing pig	%	61.0		53.0	66.8	2	*
DE growing pig	MJ/kg DM	10.5		9.0	11.6	2	*
Nitrogen digestibility, growing pig	%	30.6		21.5	39.7	2

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Abate et al., 1986; Barcelos et al., 2001; Braham et al., 1979; CIRAD, 1991; Okai et al., 1984; Orskov et al., 1992; Parra et al., 2008; Tuah et al., 1996; Vilela et al., 2001

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:20

Coffee parchment

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	95.3	3.3	90.3	97.3	4
Crude protein	% DM	6.0	1.8	4.1	7.9	4
Crude fibre	% DM	69.2				1
NDF	% DM	83.6	7.1	75.7	89.4	3
ADF	% DM	74.1	10.2	62.4	80.9	3
Ash	% DM	1.3				1

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

AFZ, 2011; Vilela et al., 2001

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:20

Instant coffee byproduct

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	90.9	2.7	85.3	94.2	8
Crude protein	% DM	10.9	1.3	8.2	12.6	10
Crude fibre	% DM	43.6	7.7	31.7	59.4	10
NDF	% DM	70.6	7.6	59.6	84.0	9
ADF	% DM	66.3	6.7	59.3	77.4	10
Lignin	% DM	22.6	4.6	18.8	31.0	8
Ether extract	% DM	23.5	3.9	15.6	29.0	10
Ash	% DM	1.8	2.1	0.4	7.4	11
Starch (polarimetry)	% DM	0.3	0.4	0.0	0.8	5
Total sugars	% DM	0.4	0.0	0.4	0.4	3
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	25.0	0.6	24.1	25.8	7

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	2.0	1.7	1.0	6.2	8
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	0.3	0.3	0.2	1.0	8
Potassium	g/kg DM	0.5	0.3	0.2	1.0	7
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.4	0.2	0.2	0.7	8
Magnesium	g/kg DM	0.3	0.1	0.1	0.5	8
Manganese	mg/kg DM	52	43	32	139	6
Zinc	mg/kg DM	19	17	9	54	6
Copper	mg/kg DM	38	10	29	57	6
Iron	mg/kg DM	2064	3994	198	9208	5

Amino acids	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Alanine	% protein	4.0	0.1	4.0	4.2	5
Arginine	% protein	0.5	0.1	0.4	0.7	5
Aspartic acid	% protein	3.0	0.2	2.9	3.3	5
Cystine	% protein	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.4	5
Glutamic acid	% protein	12.9	1.6	10.5	14.3	5
Glycine	% protein	4.7	0.1	4.5	4.8	5
Histidine	% protein	1.6	0.1	1.5	1.8	5
Isoleucine	% protein	4.2	0.2	3.9	4.4	5
Leucine	% protein	8.5	0.2	8.3	8.8	5
Lysine	% protein	1.4	0.2	1.2	1.7	5
Methionine	% protein	1.2	0.1	1.2	1.3	5
Phenylalanine	% protein	5.2	0.2	5.0	5.4	5
Proline	% protein	5.6				1
Serine	% protein	1.6	0.1	1.4	1.7	5
Threonine	% protein	2.6	0.7	2.1	3.8	5
Tyrosine	% protein	3.1	0.2	2.8	3.4	5
Valine	% protein	5.7	0.2	5.4	5.9	5

Ruminant nutritive values	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
OM digestibility, Ruminant	%	31.0		29.3	32.6	2
Energy digestibility, ruminants	%	37.7		35.8	39.6	2
DE ruminants	MJ/kg DM	9.4		9.1	10.0	2	*
ME ruminants	MJ/kg DM	7.5		6.7	8.0	2	*
Nitrogen digestibility, ruminants	%	0.0		0.0	0.0	2

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

ADAS, 1988; ADAS, 1990; AFZ, 2011; Morgan et al., 1980; Sikka et al., 1985; Wiseman, 1984

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:20

Coffee leaves

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	92.3	0.8	90.3	93.6	16
Crude protein	% DM	16.7	2.0	9.9	19.3	16
Crude fibre	% DM	18.7				1
Ether extract	% DM	5.9				1
Ash	% DM	8.2	1.4	6.9	13.0	16
Gross energy	MJ/kg DM	18.8					*

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	6.2	2.4	3.2	11.6	15
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	1.2	0.2	1.0	1.6	15
Potassium	g/kg DM	29.8	4.6	21.7	37.2	15
Sodium	g/kg DM	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.1	15
Magnesium	g/kg DM	2.4	0.8	1.6	4.5	15

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

FAO/US. Dpt of Health, 1968; Pozy et al., 1996

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:18

Coffee oil meal, by product of essential oil extraction

Main analysis	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Dry matter	% as fed	95.7				1
Crude protein	% DM	16.1				1
NDF	% DM	63.5				1
ADF	% DM	32.6				1
Lignin	% DM	13.0				1
Ether extract	% DM	1.6				1
Ash	% DM	5.0				1

Minerals	Unit	Avg	SD	Min	Max	Nb
Calcium	g/kg DM	11.6				1
Phosphorus	g/kg DM	0.6				1
Magnesium	g/kg DM	1.2				1

The asterisk * indicates that the average value was obtained by an equation.

References

Wohlt et al., 1981

Last updated on 24/10/2012 00:43:21

References

Abate, A. N. ; Pfeffer, E., 1986. Changes in nutrient intake and performance by goats fed coffee pulp-based diets followed by a commercial concentrates. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 14 (1-2): 1-10
Abdel Salam, F. E., 1975. Personal communication. Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo (Egypt). Animal Production Research Inst.
Abramo, P., 1935. Il fico d'India nell'alimentazione del bestiame dei paesi aridi e sub-aridi. Riv. Zootec., 12: 550-561
ADAS, 1990. Dried coffee residue. ADAS Nutrition Chemistry Feed Evaluation Unit. Technical Bulletin N°90/8
Balogun, T. F. ; Koch, B. A., 1973. Coffee grounds in swine rations. Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, november 1973. Kansas State University
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Heuzé V., Tran G., 2026. Coffee hulls, fruit pulp and by-products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/549 Last updated on April 27, 2026, 15:53

English correction by Tim Smith (Animal Science consultant) and Hélène Thiollet (AFZ)

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